Effects of Taro (Colocasia esculenta) Water-Soluble Non-Starch Polysaccharide, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium infantis, and Their Synbiotic Mixtures on Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Interleukin-8 Production
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Extraction of Taro Water-Soluble Non-Starch Polysaccharides (Tc-WS-NSP)
2.2.2. Digestion of Tc-WS-NSP
2.2.3. Culture Media and Bacterial Culture Preparations
2.2.4. Cell Culture Preparations
2.2.5. Cytotoxicity Evaluation Using 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT) Assay
2.2.6. Incubation of Undigested or Digested Tc-WS-NSPs, the Probiotics, and Their Synbiotic Mixtures on IL-8 Production by TNF-α Stimulated HT-29 Cells in the Presence of NEC-Positive Associated Pathogenic Bacterium K. oxytoca and Non-Pathogenic E. coli
2.2.7. IL-8 Quantification in Cell Culture Supernatants Using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
2.2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Cytotoxicity of Live K. oxytoca and Non-Pathogenic E. coli on TNF-α Stimulated HT-29 Cells
3.2. Cytotoxicity of Undigested or Digested Tc-WS-NSPs, Live Probiotics, and Their Synbiotic Mixtures with Heat-Killed K. oxytoca or E. coli on TNF-α Stimulated HT-29 Cells
3.3. IL-8 Production by TNF-α Stimulated HT-29 Cells upon Incubation with Heat-Killed NEC-Positive Associated Bacterium K. oxytoca or Non-Pathogenic E. coli
3.4. Effects of Undigested or Digested Tc-WS-NSPs on IL-8 Production by TNF-α Stimulated HT-29 Cells in the Presence of Heat-Killed NEC-Positive Associated Bacterium K. oxytoca or Non-Pathogenic E. coli
3.5. Effects of the Probiotics L. acidophilus, B. breve, and B. infantis on IL-8 Production by TNF-α Stimulated HT-29 Cells in the Presence of Heat-Killed NEC-Positive Associated Bacterium K. oxytoca or Non-Pathogenic E. coli
3.6. Effects of the Synbiotic Mixtures of the Undigested or Digested Tc-WS-NSPs and the Probiotics L. acidophilus, B. breve, and B. infantis on IL-8 Production by TNF-α Stimulated HT-29 Cells in the Presence of Heat-Killed NEC-Positive Associated Bacterium K. oxytoca or Non-Pathogenic E. coli
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Bacterial Isolate | Bacterial Isolate Concentration (CFU/mL) | Tc-WS-NSP | IL-8 Reduction (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
K. oxytoca | 4.0 × 106 | CE | Undigested | 17.2 ± 3.0 BC,M |
Digested | 21.3 ± 2.4 AB,LM | |||
ICE | Undigested | 19.2 ± 0.8 AB,LM | ||
Digested | 24.5 ± 3.4 A,L | |||
2.1 × 107 | CE | Undigested | 18.1 ± 1.2 ABC,M | |
Digested | 21.8 ± 1.0 AB,LM | |||
ICE | Undigested | 16.8 ± 2.0 BC,M | ||
Digested | 20.5 ± 2.3 AB,LM | |||
E. coli | 4.3 × 106 | CE | Undigested | 8.4 ± 3.0 DE,MN |
Digested | 10.0 ± 1.3 DE,LM | |||
ICE | Undigested | 5.2 ± 2.0 E,N | ||
Digested | 12.2 ± 0.8 CD,MN | |||
1.3 × 107 | CE | Undigested | 8.1 ± 2.4 DE,MN | |
Digested | 16.6 ± 2.6 BC,L | |||
ICE | Undigested | 8.1 ± 0.7 DE,MN | ||
Digested | 17.1 ± 2.7 BC,L |
Bacterial Isolate | L. acidophilus | IL-8 Reduction (%) | B. breve | IL-8 Reduction (%) | B. infantis | IL-8 Reduction (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
K. oxytoca | 4.0 × 106 | 3.1 × 106 | 29.1±2.2 H,NO,X | 3.73 × 105 | 31.7 ± 1.0 EFGH,N,Y | 1.53 × 105 | 29.5 ± 1.0 GH,N,X |
2.1 × 107 | 28.5 ± 2.5 H,O,X | 31.7 ± 1.3 EFGH,N,Y | 30.2 ± 1.0 FGH,MN,X | ||||
4.0 × 106 | 5.6 × 109 | 32.3 ± 1.5 EFGH,MNO,X | 2.70 × 108 | 36.3 ± 2.7 CDEFGH,N,XY | 4.56 × 108 | 32.0 ± 2.7 EFGH,LMN,X | |
2.1 × 107 | 31.2 ± 2.9 EFGH,MNO,X | 37.8 ± 1.9 BCDEFGH,MN,X | 33.1 ± 2.9 DEFGH,LMN,X | ||||
E. coli | 4.3 × 106 | 3.1 × 106 | 37.5 ± 2.5 BCDEFGH,LMN,X | 3.73 × 105 | 45.9 ± 4.1 ABC,LM,X | 1.53 × 105 | 41.2 ± 3.9 ABCDEF,LMN,X |
1.3 × 107 | 35.9 ± 5.1 CDEFGH,LMNO,X | 46.7 ± 5.2 ABC,LM,X | 42.5 ± 4.8 ABCDE,LM,X | ||||
4.3 × 106 | 5.6 × 109 | 39.6 ± 2.8 ABCDEFGH,LM,X | 2.70 × 108 | 48.4 ± 4.0 AB,L,X | 4.56 × 108 | 44.1 ± 7.5 ABCD,L,X | |
1.3 × 107 | 40.9 ± 3.3 ABCDEFG,L,X | 50.2 ± 3.3 A,L,X | 44.3 ± 7.3 ABCD,L,X |
T WS-NSP | L. acidophilus (CFU/mL) | E. coli (CFU/mL) | IL-8 Reduction (%) | K. oxytoca (CFU/mL) | IL-8 Reduction (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CE | Undigested | 3.08 × 106 | 4.33 × 106 | 43.0 ± 1.8 ABCDE,L,Q,X | 4.00 × 106 | 32.5 ± 3.8 E,L,Q,X |
Digested | 43.8 ± 1.4 ABCDE,L,Q,X | 33.4 ± 5.4 CDE,L,Q,X | ||||
ICE | Undigested | 41.8 ± 4.4 ABCDE,L,Q,X | 32.5 ± 4.1 E,L,Q,X | |||
Digested | 43.6 ± 2.4 ABCDE,L,Q,X | 33.2 ± 4.1 CDE,L,Q,X | ||||
CE | Undigested | 5.57 × 109 | 44.4 ± 2.2 ABCD,L,Q,X | 38.5 ± 3.8 ABCDE,L,Q,X | ||
Digested | 45.0 ± 3.7 AB,L,Q,X | 40.3 ± 2.8 ABCDE,L,Q,X | ||||
ICE | Undigested | 44.5 ± 3.5 ABC,L,Q,X | 40.8 ± 1.9 ABCDE,L,Q,X | |||
Digested | 46.3 ± 4.3 A,L,Q,X | 41.3 ± 2.5 ABCDE,L,Q,X | ||||
CE | Undigested | 3.08 × 106 | 1.33 × 107 | 40.5 ± 1.7 ABCDE,L,Q,X | 2.05 × 107 | 33.0 ± 4.7 E,L,Q,X |
Digested | 43.7 ± 1.2 ABCDE,L,Q,X | 34.8 ± 6.4 BCDE,L,Q,X | ||||
ICE | Undigested | 42.8 ± 4.2 ABCDE,L,Q,X | 33.1 ± 4.4 DE,L,Q,X | |||
Digested | 43.7 ± 3.1 ABCDE,L,Q,X | 34.9 ± 5.3 BCDE,L,Q,X | ||||
CE | Undigested | 5.57 × 109 | 43.2 ± 4.0 ABCDE,L,Q,X | 40.4 ± 2.7 ABCDE,L,Q,X | ||
Digested | 45.7 ± 2.5 AB,L,Q,X | 40.8 ± 2.1 ABCDE,L,Q,X | ||||
ICE | Undigested | 45.6 ± 2.4 AB,L,Q,X | 41.2 ± 3.3 ABCDE,L,Q,X | |||
Digested | 46.8 ± 2.9 A,L,Q,X | 42.0 ± 2.5 ABCDE,L,Q,X |
T WS-NSP | B. breve (CFU/mL) | E. coli (CFU/mL) | IL-8 Reduction (%) | K. oxytoca (CFU/mL) | IL-8 Reduction (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CE | Undigested | 3.7 × 105 | 4.3 × 106 | 51.7 ± 3.7 ABC,L,Q,X | 4.0 × 106 | 38.2 ± 2.7 E,L,Q,X |
Digested | 51.5 ± 1.9 ABCD,L,Q,X | 39.3 ± 2.6 E,L,Q,X | ||||
ICE | Undigested | 51.4 ± 2.6 ABCD,L,Q,X | 38.6 ± 4.1 E,L,Q,X | |||
Digested | 52.3 ± 3.1 AB,L,Q,X | 39.2 ± 4.1 E,L,Q,X | ||||
CE | Undigested | 2.7 × 108 | 54.4 ± 2.6 A,L,Q,X | 40.3 ± 3.3 E,L,Q,X | ||
Digested | 55.2 ± 3.0 A,L,Q,X | 41.5 ± 2.3 E,L,Q,X | ||||
ICE | Undigested | 54.5 ± 2.1 A,L,Q,X | 42.0 ± 1.9 E,L,Q,X | |||
Digested | 55.2 ± 2.3 A,L,Q,X | 43.2 ± 2.5 DE,L,Q,X | ||||
CE | Undigested | 3.7 × 105 | 1.3 × 107 | 54.0 ± 2.1 A,L,Q,X | 2.1 × 107 | 41.4 ± 4.1 E,L,Q,X |
Digested | 54.4 ± 2.4 A,L,Q,X | 41.9 ± 5.9 E,L,Q,X | ||||
ICE | Undigested | 54.3 ± 2.4 A,L,Q,X | 41.4 ± 3.8 E,L,Q,X | |||
Digested | 55.0 ± 1.9 A,L,Q,X | 42.0 ± 4.7 E,L,Q,X | ||||
CE | Undigested | 2.7 × 108 | 56.0 ± 2.1 A,L,Q,X | 43.3 ± 2.1 CDE,L,Q,X | ||
Digested | 57.1 ± 2.4 A,L,Q,X | 44.2 ± 1.6 BCDE,L,Q,X | ||||
ICE | Undigested | 56.1 ± 2.6 A,L,Q,X | 43.7 ± 3.3 CDE,L,Q,X | |||
Digested | 58.1 ± 2.3 A,L,Q,X | 45.0 ± 2.5 BCDE,L,Q,X |
T WS-NSP | B. infantis (CFU/mL) | E. coli (CFU/mL) | IL-8 Reduction (%) | K. oxytoca (CFU/mL) | IL-8 Reduction (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CE | Undigested | 4.56 × 105 | 4.33 × 106 | 49.2 ± 3.1 ABCDEF,L,Q,X | 4.00 × 106 | 34.1 ± 2.3 G,L,S,X |
Digested | 50.6 ± 2.9 ABCD,L,Q,X | 35.4 ± 1.3 G,L,RS,X | ||||
ICE | Undigested | 49.3 ± 2.2 ABCDEF,L,Q,X | 35.2 ± 1.5 G,L,RS,X | |||
Digested | 51.4 ± 3.4 ABC,L,Q,X | 35.5 ± 1.7 G,L,RS,X | ||||
CE | Undigested | 1.53 × 108 | 52.0 ± 4.1 ABC,L,Q,X | 38.3 ± 1.4 G,L,QRS,X | ||
Digested | 52.4 ± 3.0 AB,L,Q,X | 38.9 ± 1.1 G,L,QR,X | ||||
ICE | Undigested | 52.4 ± 4.5 AB,L,Q,X | 39.4 ± 1.1 FG,L,QR,X | |||
Digested | 54.2 ± 3.6 A,L,Q,X | 40.9 ± 2.1 DEFG,L,Q,X | ||||
CE | Undigested | 4.56 × 105 | 1.33 × 107 | 50.7 ± 1.3 ABCD,L,Q,X | 2.05 × 107 | 37.8 ± 1.9 G,L,Q,X |
Digested | 52.5 ± 2.9 AB,L,Q,X | 39.7 ± 5.7 FG,L,Q,X | ||||
ICE | Undigested | 50.4 ± 2.1 ABCDE,L,Q,X | 39.7 ± 5.1 FG,L,Q,X | |||
Digested | 52.1 ± 0.7 ABC,L,Q,X | 40.3 ± 4.8 EFG,L,Q,X | ||||
CE | Undigested | 1.53 × 108 | 52.4 ± 2.8 AB,L,Q,X | 41.1 ± 3.4 DEFG,L,Q,X | ||
Digested | 53.1 ± 3.1 AB,L,Q,X | 42.2 ± 4.6 CDEFG,L,Q,X | ||||
ICE | Undigested | 52.1 ± 1.2 ABC,L,Q,X | 42.1 ± 4.5 CDEFG,L,Q,X | |||
Digested | 53.7 ± 2.3 A,L,Q,X | 43.1 ± 5.1 BCDEFG,L,Q,X |
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Anwar, M.; Mros, S.; McConnell, M.; Bekhit, A.E.-D.A. Effects of Taro (Colocasia esculenta) Water-Soluble Non-Starch Polysaccharide, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium infantis, and Their Synbiotic Mixtures on Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Interleukin-8 Production. Nutrients 2022, 14, 2128. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102128
Anwar M, Mros S, McConnell M, Bekhit AE-DA. Effects of Taro (Colocasia esculenta) Water-Soluble Non-Starch Polysaccharide, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium infantis, and Their Synbiotic Mixtures on Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Interleukin-8 Production. Nutrients. 2022; 14(10):2128. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102128
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnwar, Mylene, Sonya Mros, Michelle McConnell, and Alaa El-Din A. Bekhit. 2022. "Effects of Taro (Colocasia esculenta) Water-Soluble Non-Starch Polysaccharide, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium infantis, and Their Synbiotic Mixtures on Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Interleukin-8 Production" Nutrients 14, no. 10: 2128. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102128