The Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis in Depression: The Potential Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Microbiota Combined Antidepression Effect
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Depression Mechanism and Existing Treatment Options
3. The Crucial Role the Gut Microbiota and Gut–Brain Axis Play in Central Nervous System Diseases
4. The Gut Microbiota and Microbes Interact Bidirectionally in People with Depression
4.1. Variation Occurs in the Intestinal Microbiota of Depression Patients
4.2. Intestinal Microbiota Can Regulate CNS in Depression Patients
5. Treatments of Depression
5.1. Traditional Treatment
5.2. Diet and Prebiotics
5.3. Psychobiotics
5.4. Engineered Bacteria
5.5. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT)
6. Conclusions and Outlook
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Author | Treatment | Experimental Subjects | Main Results |
---|---|---|---|
Yan et al. [88] | A polysaccharide (OP) which is isolated from okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L) Moench) | CUMS-induced mice and fecal microbiological transplantation (FMT)-induced mice were used as models of depression | OP can treat depression through the microbial–gut–brain axis |
Vulevic et al. [92] | Prebiotics-FOS1 and GOS | C57BL/6J male mice | Chronic prebiotics FOS1 GOS showed antidepressant and anti-anxiety effects |
Tarr et al. [93] | Oligosaccharides 3′sialyllactose (3′SL) or 6′sialyllactose (6′SL) | 6~8-week-old male C57/BL6 mice used of the social disruption stressor | This prebiotic has a preventive effect on anxious behavior and inhibits nervous anxiety-related responses |
Benton et al. [107] | Milk with probiotics | 124 healthy members of general population | There was an improvement in subjects, a positive effect on mood, and probiotic intake was also associated with demonstrated memory |
Qin et al. [105] | Probiotic supplement preparation (PSP) | 120 college students with anxiety trend | Anxiety parameters decreased in the experimental group compared to the control group |
Bravo et al. [100] | Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus (JB-1) administration | Stress induced anxiety- and depression-like behaviors mice | Reduced stress-induced anxiety- and depression-like behaviors were found in mice |
Messaoudi et al. [108] | Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota | Subjects’ mild depressive symptoms and low scores | Long-term combined use of Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium longum R0175 reduced the symptoms of people with mild depression and effectively alleviated anxiety |
Kang et al. [116] | Human fecal extract and FMT | Adult germ-free (GF), Swiss Webster female mice | Fecal bacteria transplantation can change the neural structure of the brain and affect the brain |
Geng et al. [121] | FMT | Newborn piglets and subsequent lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge | FMT can regulate tryptophan metabolism and improve intestinal microbial disorders |
Rao et al. [119] | FMT | Mice with chronic depression-like behavior induced by mild external stressors | FMT improves stress-induced depression-like behavior associated with inhibition of rat brain glial cells and NLRP3 inflammasome |
Zhang et al. [122] | Transplantation of the NLRP3 KO microbiota from NLRP3 KO mice | NLRP3 KO mice | FMT from NLRP3 KO mice significantly alleviates the depressive-like behavior induced by chronic unpredictable stress (CUS)-induced depressive-like behaviors |
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Zhu, F.; Tu, H.; Chen, T. The Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis in Depression: The Potential Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Microbiota Combined Antidepression Effect. Nutrients 2022, 14, 2081. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102081
Zhu F, Tu H, Chen T. The Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis in Depression: The Potential Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Microbiota Combined Antidepression Effect. Nutrients. 2022; 14(10):2081. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102081
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhu, Fangyuan, Huaijun Tu, and Tingtao Chen. 2022. "The Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis in Depression: The Potential Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Microbiota Combined Antidepression Effect" Nutrients 14, no. 10: 2081. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102081