“HIIT the Inflammation”: Comparative Effects of Low-Volume Interval Training and Resistance Exercises on Inflammatory Indices in Obese Metabolic Syndrome Patients Undergoing Caloric Restriction
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Patients
2.3. Health Examinations
2.3.1. Measurements of Blood Pressure
2.3.2. Blood Collection
2.3.3. Anthropometric and Body Composition Measurements
2.3.4. MetS z-Score Determination
2.3.5. Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test (CPET)
2.3.6. Maximum Strength (Fmax) Testing
2.4. Nutritional Counseling
2.5. Exercise Training Programs
2.5.1. Very Low-Volume High-Intensity Interval Training
2.5.2. Resistance Training
2.5.3. Whole-Body Electromyostimulation
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study Flow
3.2. Nutritional Analysis
3.3. Anthropometric and Body Composition Data
3.4. Inflammatory Markers
3.5. Cardiometabolic Markers
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | LOW-HIIT (n = 26) | 1-RT (n = 22) | 3-RT (n = 25) | WB-EMS (n = 26) | CON (n = 26) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender (f/m) | 10/16 | 16/6 | 15/10 | 18/8 | 18/8 |
Age (years) | 50.6 ± 11.3 | 55.2 ± 12.1 | 52.7 ± 11.5 | 52.7 ± 12.5 | 49.0 ± 15.1 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 37.8 ± 6.6 | 36.8 ± 7.4 | 40.1 ± 9.0 | 37.2 ± 4.0 | 38.0 ± 6.3 |
CRP (mg/L) | 5.0 ± 3.4 | 6.1 ± 5.8 | 5.7 ± 6.3 | 4.1 ± 2.8 | 4.2 ± 3.3 |
MetS z-score | 2.9 ± 3.9 | 3.4 ± 4.8 | 3.3 ± 4.3 | 2.6 ± 2.3 | 2.2 ± 3.1 |
Variable | LOW-HIIT (n = 26) | 1-RT (n = 17) | 3-RT (n = 19) | WB-EMS (n = 20) | CON (n = 22) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Pre | Post | |
Energy (kcal/day) | 2228 ± 896 | 1974 ± 801 | 2342 ± 907 | 1673 ± 520 a | 2344 ± 622 | 1769 ± 514 b | 2418 ± 695 | 1916 ± 415 b | 2237 ± 856 | 1798 ± 783 |
Protein (g/day) | 92 ± 46 | 90 ± 31 | 102 ± 46 | 78 ± 28 a | 108 ± 41 | 80 ± 27 b | 96 ± 30 | 89 ± 31 | 94 ± 30 | 82 ± 33 |
Protein (g/kg/day) | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 0.7 ± 0.3 | 1.0 ±0.4 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.5 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 0.9 ± 0.3 |
Fat (g/day) | 89 ± 41 | 77 ± 36 | 97 ± 40 | 71 ± 28 | 96 ± 31 | 72 ± 26 b | 99 ± 40 | 80 ± 19 | 99 ± 57 | 70 ± 43 |
Fat (g/kg/day) | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.7 ± 0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.4 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.4 | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 0.9 ± 0.4 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.5 | 0.7 ± 0.5 |
CHO (g/day) | 216 ± 97 | 206 ± 92 | 237 ± 92 | 160 ± 51 b | 216 ± 58 | 170 ± 52 b | 249 ± 82 | 184 ± 61 a | 210 ± 76 | 180 ± 84 |
CHO (g/kg/day) | 1.9 ± 0.7 | 1.8 ± 0.8 | 2.4 ± 0.7 | 1.8 ± 0.7 a | 2.4 ± 0.8 | 1.7 ± 0.7 b | 2.0 ± 0.7 | 1.6 ± 0.6 a | 2.1 ± 0.9 | 1.9 ± 1.0 |
Fibres (g/day) | 23 ± 9 | 23 ± 11 | 24 ± 11 | 21 ± 8 | 23 ± 7 | 19 ± 7 | 22 ± 10 | 18 ± 7 | 24 ± 13 | 23 ± 10 |
Variable | LOW-HIIT (n = 26) | 1-RT (n = 17) | 3-RT (n = 19) | WB-EMS (n = 20) | CON (n = 22) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Pre | Post | |
Weight (kg) | 117.0 ± 26.1 | 113.0 ± 25.2 c | 102.9 ± 27.7 | 98.1 ± 26.0 b | 114.0 ± 30.1 | 110.3 ± 30.1 c | 106.1 ± 17.9 | 101.9 ± 14.6 c | 104.4 ± 20.5 | 101.5 ± 21.5 c |
BMI (kg/m2) | 37.8 ± 6.6 | 36.5 ± 6.4 c | 36.5 ± 7.4 | 34.8 ± 7.1 b | 38.8 ± 8.1 | 37.5 ± 7.5 b | 37.3 ± 4.1 | 35.9 ± 3.2 c | 36.6 ± 5.2 | 35.5 ± 5.5 c |
FM (kg) | 49.8 ± 14.8 | 46.3 ± 14.3 c,* | 47.7 ± 16.1 | 43.9 ± 14.8 b | 51.8 ± 16.6 | 48.0 ± 16.1 c,* | 46.0 ± 8.2 | 43.1 ± 6.1 b | 47.8 ± 11.5 | 45.7 ± 12.7 |
FM (%) | 42.3 ± 7.6 | 40.7 ± 8.1 c,* | 45.8 ± 5.4 | 44.2 ± 5.7 b | 45.3 ± 6.6 | 43.3 ± 7.3 c,* | 43.6 ± 5.1 | 42.6 ± 5.0 b | 46.1 ± 7.0 | 44.9 ± 7.5 |
SMM (kg) | 33.3 ± 9.0 | 32.8 ± 8.9 | 26.5 ± 7.8 | 25.8 ± 7.8 | 30.7 ± 10.4 | 30.6 ± 10.6 | 29.2 ± 7.0 | 28.3 ± 6.3 b | 27.5 ± 7.9 | 26.9 ± 7.9 c |
TBW (L) | 50.0 ± 11.7 | 49.5 ± 11.7 | 41.6 ± 9.9 | 40.8 ± 9.9 | 46.7 ± 12.4 | 46.7 ± 12.8 c | 44.8 ± 9.1 | 43.9 ± 9.1 | 44.8 ± 10.8 | 43.9 ± 10.5 |
Waist (cm) | 116 ± 19 | 110 ± 18 c,* | 111 ± 16 | 106 ± 14 c | 116 ± 18 | 111 ± 17 c,* | 114 ± 10 | 111 ± 9 b | 109 ± 11 | 107 ± 11 |
Variable | LOW-HIIT (n = 26) | 1-RT (n = 17) | 3-RT (n = 19) | WB-EMS (n = 20) | CON (n = 22) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Pre | Post | |
CRP (mg/L) # | 5.0 ± 3.4 | 3.4 ± 2.7 b,* | 4.7 ± 4.8 | 4.5 ± 4.7 | 4.0 ± 3.3 | 3.7 ± 2.9 | 3.8 ± 2.4 | 3.4 ± 2.4 b | 3.9 ± 2.7 | 5.4 ± 8.0 |
hsCRP (mg/L) # | 4.1 ± 3.1 | 2.7 ± 2.3 b,* | 4.0 ± 4.6 | 3.8 ± 4.6 | 3.3 ± 3.2 | 2.7 ± 2.5 a | 2.9 ± 2.0 | 2.6 ± 2.1 | 3.1 ± 2.4 | 4.4 ± 7.3 |
IL-1β (pg/mL) | 6.3 ± 4.3 | 6.4 ± 3.8 | 9.7 ± 8.4 | 11.8 ± 9.8 | 9.8 ± 5.6 | 10.7 ± 6.5 | 10.0 ± 5.6 | 11.1 ± 8.3 | 6.7 ± 4.1 | 6.2 ± 3.8 |
IL-6 (pg/mL) | 3.6 ± 3.0 | 2.5 ± 1.6 a | 2.8 ± 1.6 | 2.6 ± 1.7 | 2.6 ± 1.1 | 2.6 ± 1.6 | 2.5 ± 1.3 | 2.3 ± 1.2 | 3.1 ± 1.6 | 3.4 ± 3.0 |
IFNγ (pg/mL) | 9.5 ± 6.8 | 8.8 ± 4.2 | 7.0 ± 4.1 | 6.4 ± 4.4 | 10.3 ± 9.4 | 9.1 ± 9.0 | 7.4 ± 2.9 | 7.2 ± 3.2 | 8.1 ± 4.5 | 7.5 ± 4.3 |
Adiponectin [µ/mL) | 2.3 ± 1.3 | 2.2 ± 1.2 | 3.8 ± 2.7 | 3.9 ± 3.1 | 3.6 ± 3.0 | 3.2 ± 2.3 | 2.5 ± 1.5 | 2.4 ± 1.2 | 2.6 ± 1.3 | 2.6 ± 1.3 |
LBP (ng/mL) # | 13.2 ± 2.5 | 11.1 ± 3.1 b,*,§ | 29.1 ± 7.6 | 28.0 ± 7.1 | 28.2 ± 3.6 | 26.3 ± 5.6 c | 23.6 ± 5.8 | 23.5 ± 5.8 | 16.9 ± 8.9 | 17.0 ± 9.4 |
Variable | LOW-HIIT (n = 26) | 1-RT (n = 17) | 3-RT (n = 19) | WB-EMS (n = 20) | CON (n = 22) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Pre | Post | |
Low risk (<1 mg/L) | 1 (3.8) | 6 (23.1) | 4 (23.5) | 6 (35.3) | 3 (15.8) | 4 (21.1) | 3 (15.0) | 3 (15.0) | 1 (4.5) | 3 (13.6) |
Intermediate risk | 10 (38.5) | 13 (50.0) | 6 (25.3) | 3 (17.6) | 6 (31.6) | 7 (36.8) | 9 (45.0) | 10 (50.0) | 13 (59.1) | 8 (36.4) |
(1–3 mg/L) | ||||||||||
High risk | 15 (57.7) | 7 (26.9) | 7 (41.2) | 8 (47.1) | 7 (52.6) | 8 (42.1) | 8 (40.0) | 7 (35.0) | 8 (36.4) | 11 (50.0) |
(>3 mg/L) |
Variable | LOW-HIIT (n = 26) | 1-RT (n = 17) | 3-RT (n = 19) | WB-EMS (n = 20) | CON (n = 22) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Pre | Post | |
VO2max (mL/kg/min) # | 22.6 ± 5.5 | 25.6 ± 5.6 c,+ | 21.0 ± 5.4 | 22.2 ± 4.6 | 21.0 ± 5.1 | 22.0 ± 4.3 | 21.0 ± 5.7 | 21.7 ± 5.4 | 20.6 ± 7.4 | 20.2 ± 7.9 |
MetS z-score # | 2.9 ± 3.8 | 1.1 ± 3.0 c,+ | 2.1 ± 3.8 | 0.5 ± 3.0 b | 2.8 ± 4.1 | 0.5 ± 3.9 c,+ | 2.3 ± 2.3 | 1.8 ± 2.3 | 2.0 ± 3.1 | 1.3 ± 3.0 |
SBP (mmHg) # | 144 ± 17 | 133 ± 11 c | 148 ± 17 | 138 ± 12 | 142 ± 17 | 132 ± 16 b | 134 ± 14 | 137 ± 11 | 138 ± 13 | 137 ± 11 |
DBP (mmHg) # | 94 ± 11 | 86 ± 8 c | 92 ± 16 | 87 ± 10 | 87 ± 9 | 83 ± 9 b | 86 ± 9 | 88 ± 10 | 89 ± 9 | 87 ± 7 |
MAB (mmHg) # | 111 ± 11 | 102 ± 7 c | 111 ± 14 | 104 ± 9 a | 106 ± 11 | 99 ± 11 b | 102 ± 9 | 104 ± 9 | 105 ± 9 | 104 ± 7 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 101 ± 18 | 100 ± 12 | 96 ± 16 | 96 ± 12 | 105 ± 13 | 99 ± 14 a | 104 ± 12 | 102 ± 14 | 98 ± 15 | 95 ± 16 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 132 ± 56 | 128 ± 44 | 126 ± 43 | 119 ± 28 | 146 ± 89 | 124 ± 56 a | 133 ± 59 | 118 ± 36 | 148 ± 73 | 130 ± 64 |
Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 214 ± 33 | 213 ± 35 | 228 ± 29 | 218 ± 33 | 227 ± 55 | 216 ± 45 b | 217 ± 35 | 210 ± 31 | 235 ± 42 | 222 ± 33 a |
HDL (mg/dL) | 49 ± 10 | 48 ± 11 | 59 ± 19 | 59 ± 18 | 59 ± 17 | 58 ± 15 | 53 ± 14 | 52 ± 13 | 56 ± 12 | 54 ± 12 |
LDL (mg/dL) | 144 ± 27 | 143 ± 27 | 148 ± 23 | 138 ± 22 a | 144 ± 39 | 137 ± 34 | 143 ± 28 | 137 ± 24 | 154 ± 33 | 147 ± 26 |
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Reljic, D.; Dieterich, W.; Herrmann, H.J.; Neurath, M.F.; Zopf, Y. “HIIT the Inflammation”: Comparative Effects of Low-Volume Interval Training and Resistance Exercises on Inflammatory Indices in Obese Metabolic Syndrome Patients Undergoing Caloric Restriction. Nutrients 2022, 14, 1996. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14101996
Reljic D, Dieterich W, Herrmann HJ, Neurath MF, Zopf Y. “HIIT the Inflammation”: Comparative Effects of Low-Volume Interval Training and Resistance Exercises on Inflammatory Indices in Obese Metabolic Syndrome Patients Undergoing Caloric Restriction. Nutrients. 2022; 14(10):1996. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14101996
Chicago/Turabian StyleReljic, Dejan, Walburga Dieterich, Hans J. Herrmann, Markus F. Neurath, and Yurdagül Zopf. 2022. "“HIIT the Inflammation”: Comparative Effects of Low-Volume Interval Training and Resistance Exercises on Inflammatory Indices in Obese Metabolic Syndrome Patients Undergoing Caloric Restriction" Nutrients 14, no. 10: 1996. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14101996