Association of Estimated Salt and Miso Intake with the Prevalence of Obesity in People with Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study

Salt intake is often estimated by the amount of sodium excreted in urine, and miso has been reported to increase it. This cross-sectional study investigated the relationship between obesity and high estimated salt intake with and without habitual miso consumption. Estimates of salt intake (g/day) were calculated using urinary sodium excretion, and a high estimated intake was defined as greater than the median amount of 9.5 g/day. Participants were divided into four groups based on estimated salt intake and miso consumption. Among 300 people, the proportions of obesity were 77.8% (n = 14/18), 40.2% (n = 53/132), 26.0% (n = 33/127), and 34.8% (n = 8/23) in the (+/−), (+/+), (−/+), and (−/−) groups of high estimated salt intake/habitual miso consumption, respectively. Compared with the (+/−) group, the adjusted odds ratios for obesity were 0.07 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.02–0.26, p < 0.001), 0.16 (95% CI: 0.03–0.76, p = 0.022), and 0.14 (95% CI: 0.04–0.51, p = 0.003) in the (−/+), (−/−), and (+/+) groups, respectively. The presence of obesity was not much higher in people with high estimated salt intake with habitual miso consumption than that in people without. Clinicians should be aware that miso consumption promotes salt excretion, which may lead to an apparently higher estimated salt intake than actual. View Full-Text

Keywords: sodium excretion; sodium intake; fermented food; obesity

▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Takahashi, F.; Hashimoto, Y.; Kaji, A.; Sakai, R.; Miki, A.; Kawate, Y.; Okamura, T.; Kitagawa, N.; Okada, H.; Nakanishi, N.; Majima, S.; Senmaru, T.; Ushigome, E.; Hamaguchi, M.; Asano, M.; Yamazaki, M.; Fukui, M. Association of Estimated Salt and Miso Intake with the Prevalence of Obesity in People with Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients 2021, 13, 3014. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093014

AMA Style

Takahashi F, Hashimoto Y, Kaji A, Sakai R, Miki A, Kawate Y, Okamura T, Kitagawa N, Okada H, Nakanishi N, Majima S, Senmaru T, Ushigome E, Hamaguchi M, Asano M, Yamazaki M, Fukui M. Association of Estimated Salt and Miso Intake with the Prevalence of Obesity in People with Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients. 2021; 13(9):3014. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093014

Chicago/Turabian Style

Takahashi, Fuyuko, Yoshitaka Hashimoto, Ayumi Kaji, Ryosuke Sakai, Akane Miki, Yuka Kawate, Takuro Okamura, Noriyuki Kitagawa, Hiroshi Okada, Naoko Nakanishi, Saori Majima, Takafumi Senmaru, Emi Ushigome, Masahide Hamaguchi, Mai Asano, Masahiro Yamazaki, and Michiaki Fukui. 2021. "Association of Estimated Salt and Miso Intake with the Prevalence of Obesity in People with Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study" Nutrients 13, no. 9: 3014. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093014

Find Other Styles

Note that from the first issue of 2016, MDPI journals use article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Abstract views Pdf views Html views

Article Menu

Association of Estimated Salt and Miso Intake with the Prevalence of Obesity in People with Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Share and Cite

Article Metrics

Article Access Statistics

Article Access Map by Country/Region

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI