Association between Lifestyle Changes and at-Home Hours during and after the State of Emergency Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic in Japan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Online Survey and Study Population
2.2. Questionnaire
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics
3.2. Lifestyle and Dietary Habits during and after the Stay-at-Home Request Period
3.2.1. Physical Activity
3.2.2. Anxiety about COVID-19 Infection and Sleep Habits
3.2.3. Lifestyle and Dietary Habits
3.3. Changes in Body Weight during and after Stay-at-Home Request Period
3.4. Lifestyle Habits and Body Weight Changes according to Age Group during and after Stay-at-Home Request Period in the Extended Group
3.5. Distribution of Body Mass Index before the COVID-19 Pandemic, and during and after Stay-at-Home Request Period in the Extended Group
3.6. Changes in at-Home Hours, and Lifestyle and Body Weight Changes after Stay-at-Home Request Period in the Extended Group
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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All | Nonextended 1 | Extended 1 | p Value 2 (Cramer’s V 3) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | % | ||
Number (%) | 9645 | 66.1 | 33.9 | |
Sex (%) | 0.008 | |||
Male | 4595 | 67.4 | 32.6 | (0.027) |
Female | 5050 | 64.9 | 35.1 | |
Age, years (%) | 0.001 | |||
20–29 | 1132 | 61.4 | 38.6 | (0.045) |
30–39 | 1431 | 65.1 | 34.9 | |
40–49 | 1702 | 68.6 | 31.4 | |
50–59 | 1441 | 68.2 | 31.8 | |
≥60 | 3939 | 65.9 | 34.1 | |
Residential area 4 (%) | <0.001 | |||
Metropolitan area | 4024 | 56.3 | 43.7 | (0.180) |
Urban area | 2191 | 69.9 | 30.1 | |
Rural area | 3430 | 75.1 | 24.9 | |
Education (%) | <0.001 | |||
Junior high school | 142 | 79.6 | 20.4 | (0.142) |
High school | 2639 | 72.6 | 27.4 | |
College, vocational school | 2250 | 68.6 | 31.4 | |
University or higher | 4358 | 59.3 | 40.7 | |
Did not wish to answer | 256 | 84.0 | 16.0 | |
Annual household income 5 (%) | <0.001 | |||
JPY < 2 million | 813 | 69.6 | 30.4 | (0.078) |
JPY 2 to <4 million | 2142 | 68.5 | 31.5 | |
JPY 4 to <6 million | 1970 | 66.2 | 33.8 | |
JPY ≥ 6 million | 2949 | 60.8 | 39.2 | |
Did not wish to answer | 1771 | 70.1 | 29.9 | |
Occupation (%) | <0.001 | |||
Clerical workers | 1927 | 60.5 | 39.5 | (0.181) |
Managers | 712 | 64.6 | 35.4 | |
Service and sales workers | 1088 | 66.8 | 33.2 | |
Craft and related trade workers | 819 | 83.0 | 17.0 | |
Technicians and associate professionals | 543 | 55.2 | 44.8 | |
Medical professions | 629 | 79.2 | 20.8 | |
Homemakers | 1727 | 63.2 | 36.8 | |
Students | 133 | 26.3 | 73.7 | |
No occupation | 2067 | 68.5 | 31.5 |
During Stay-at-Home Request Period | p Value 2 (Cramer’s V 3) | After Stay-at-Home Request Period | p Value 2 (Cramer’s V 3) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nonextended at-Home Hours 1 (n = 6373) | Extended at-Home Hours 1 (n = 3272) | Nonextended at-Home Hours 1 (n = 6373) | Extended at-Home Hours 1 (n = 3272) | |||
% | % | % | % | |||
Heavy physical work or strenuous exercise (/day) | ||||||
None | 65.9 | 60.7 | 63.7 | 55.7 | ||
<1 h | 21.5 | 29.4 | 21.2 | 28.7 | ||
≥1 h | 12.6 | 9.9 | 15.1 | 15.6 | ||
Walking and standing | ||||||
<1 h | 31.0 | 37.1 | 29.6 | 24.5 | ||
1 to <3 h | 41.3 | 45.6 | 41.0 | 46.1 | ||
≥3 h | 27.7 | 17.4 | 29.4 | 29.3 | ||
Sedentary activity | ||||||
<3 h | 26.6 | 10.4 | 27.7 | 15.7 | ||
3 to <8 h | 51.5 | 44.9 | 51.3 | 51.4 | ||
≥8 h | 21.9 | 44.7 | 21.0 | 32.9 | ||
PA changes compared to those before the COVID-19 pandemic | ||||||
Total PA | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
Decreased | 13.1 | 49.2 | (0.420) | 9.8 | 31.0 | (0.285) |
No change | 82.4 | 41.8 | 83.8 | 59.0 | ||
Increased | 4.5 | 9.0 | 6.3 | 10.1 | ||
Heavy physical work or strenuous exercise | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
Decreased | 8.6 | 23.8 | (0.239) | 6.3 | 16.1 | (0.176) |
No change | 87.7 | 67.9 | 88.9 | 75.9 | ||
Increased | 3.7 | 8.3 | 4.7 | 8.0 | ||
Walking and standing | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
Decreased | 7.9 | 43.6 | (0.432) | 6.1 | 24.9 | (0.276) |
No change | 90.0 | 52.3 | 90.8 | 70.4 | ||
Increased | 2.1 | 4.2 | 3.1 | 4.7 | ||
Sedentary activity | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
Decreased | 1.3 | 3.8 | (0.406) | 1.8 | 3.6 | (0.266) |
No change | 92.5 | 59.2 | 93.4 | 75.1 | ||
Increased | 6.2 | 37.0 | 4.8 | 21.3 |
During Stay-at-Home Request Period | p Value 2 (Cramer’s V 3) | After Stay-at-Home Request Period | p Value 2 (Cramer’s V 3) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nonextended at-Home Hours 1 (n = 6373) | Extended at-Home Hours 1 (n = 3272) | Nonextended at-Home Hours 1 (n = 6373) | Extended at-Home Hours 1 (n = 3272) | |||
% | % | % | % | |||
Anxiety about COVID-19 infection | ||||||
Anxious 4 | 66.2 | 78.0 | 57.9 | 66.5 | ||
Not sure | 14.9 | 7.5 | 19.0 | 14.3 | ||
Not anxious 5 | 18.9 | 14.5 | 23.1 | 19.2 | ||
Sleep duration | ||||||
<5 h | 11.1 | 4.8 | 11.3 | 5.9 | ||
5 to <6 h | 23.1 | 18.0 | 23.5 | 22.2 | ||
6 to <7 h | 35.1 | 36.1 | 35.5 | 39.2 | ||
7 to <8 h | 21.9 | 28.3 | 21.2 | 24.7 | ||
8 to <9 h | 6.2 | 10.0 | 6.0 | 6.7 | ||
≥9 h | 2.4 | 2.8 | 2.4 | 1.4 | ||
Sleep habit changes compared to those before the COVID-19 pandemic | ||||||
Sleep duration | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
Became longer | 3.6 | 30.5 | (0.399) | 3.4 | 18.4 | (0.271) |
No change | 94.3 | 63.9 | 93.1 | 74.8 | ||
Became shorter | 2.1 | 5.6 | 3.5 | 6.8 | ||
Waketime | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
Became later | 4.3 | 24.9 | (0.330) | 3.0 | 13.7 | (0.252) |
No change | 91.4 | 66.4 | 91.4 | 73.1 | ||
Became earlier | 4.3 | 8.7 | 5.6 | 13.2 | ||
Bedtime | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
Became later | 5.3 | 18.5 | (0.278) | 4.8 | 13.2 | (0.213) |
No change | 88.6 | 65.6 | 89.0 | 72.3 | ||
Became earlier | 6.1 | 15.9 | 6.1 | 14.4 |
During Stay-at-Home Request Period | p Value 2 (Cramer’s V 3) | After Stay-at-Home Request Period | p Value 2 (Cramer’s V 3) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nonextended at-Home Hours 1 (n = 6373) | Extended at-Home Hours 1 (n = 3272) | Nonextended at-Home Hours 1 (n = 6373) | Extended at-Home Hours 1 (n = 3272) | |||
% | % | % | % | |||
Lifestyle and dietary changes compared to those before the COVID-19 pandemic | ||||||
Amount of drinking 4 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
Increased | 8.9 | 21.1 | (0.242) | 8.5 | 16.2 | (0.208) |
No change | 86.0 | 65.5 | 85.7 | 68.6 | ||
Decreased | 5.1 | 13.4 | 5.8 | 15.2 | ||
Amount of smoking 5 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
Increased | 9.4 | 28.4 | (0.310) | 8.2 | 22.1 | (0.236) |
No change | 87.9 | 61.2 | 87.4 | 67.9 | ||
Decreased | 2.8 | 10.4 | 4.4 | 10.1 | ||
Frequency of defecation | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
Increased | 2.4 | 6.8 | (0.137) | 2.4 | 5.8 | (0.120) |
No change | 95.9 | 88.8 | 95.5 | 89.2 | ||
Decreased | 1.7 | 4.5 | 2.1 | 5.0 | ||
Frequency of main meals | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
Increased | 3.3 | 10.7 | (0.178) | 2.3 | 5.3 | (0.124) |
No change | 95.3 | 85.0 | 95.6 | 89.1 | ||
Decreased | 1.4 | 4.3 | 2.1 | 5.6 | ||
Frequency of snacking | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
Increased | 10.2 | 31.1 | (0.273) | 7.4 | 17.8 | (0.190) |
No change | 88.0 | 65.2 | 89.4 | 74.9 | ||
Decreased | 1.7 | 3.7 | 3.1 | 7.4 | ||
Frequency of breakfast | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
Increased | 1.4 | 6.2 | (0.170) | 1.6 | 5.2 | (0.130) |
No change | 97.3 | 89.2 | 96.9 | 90.8 | ||
Decreased | 1.3 | 4.6 | 1.5 | 4.0 | ||
Frequency of a well-balanced diet 6 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
Increased | 2.1 | 9.4 | (0.200) | 1.9 | 6.6 | (0.154) |
No change | 95.9 | 84.7 | 95.7 | 87.4 | ||
Decreased | 2.0 | 6.0 | 2.4 | 5.9 | ||
Habit of eating three meals at a given time of the day | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
Increased | 2.2 | 11.6 | (0.248) | 2.1 | 8.1 | (0.172) |
No change | 95.8 | 80.5 | 95.7 | 86.2 | ||
Decreased | 2.0 | 7.9 | 2.2 | 5.7 |
During Stay-at-Home Request Period | p Value 2 (Cramer’s V 3) | After Stay-at-Home Request Period | p Value 2 (Cramer’s V 3) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nonextended at-Home Hours 1 (n = 6373) | Extended at-Home Hours 1 (n = 3272) | Nonextended at-Home Hours 1 (n = 6373) | Extended at-Home Hours 1 (n = 3272) | |||
% | % | % | % | |||
Body weight changes compared to that before the COVID-19 pandemic | ||||||
+5 kg or more | 2.0 | 3.8 | 2.4 | 4.2 | ||
+4 kg | 1.0 | 2.7 | 1.5 | 2.6 | ||
+3 kg | 3.8 | 7.5 | 4.2 | 6.0 | ||
+2 kg | 5.9 | 14.0 | 6.3 | 11.8 | ||
+1 kg | 8.1 | 11.9 | 7.6 | 10.7 | ||
0 (No change) | 69.4 | 46.2 | 62.9 | 43.9 | ||
−1 kg | 3.4 | 4.1 | 5.2 | 6.1 | ||
−2 kg | 2.7 | 4.2 | 3.8 | 6.1 | ||
−3 kg | 1.7 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 3.3 | ||
−4 kg | 0.5 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 1.8 | ||
−5 kg or more | 1.5 | 2.3 | 2.5 | 3.5 | ||
Reposting | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
Increased | 20.8 | 39.9 | (0.230) | 22.0 | 35.3 | (0.183) |
No change | 69.4 | 46.2 | 62.9 | 43.9 | ||
Decreased | 9.8 | 13.9 | 15.0 | 20.7 |
After Stay-at-Home Request Period | p Value 2 (Cramer’s V 3) | ||
---|---|---|---|
At-Home Hours Returned/Reduced to Pre-COVID-19 Pandemic Levels 1 (n = 1328) | At-Home Hours Continued to be Extended 1 (n = 1944) | ||
% | % | ||
Lifestyle and body weight changes compared to before the COVID-19 pandemic | |||
Total PA | |||
Decreased | 13.9 | 42.6 | <0.001 |
No change | 75.9 | 47.4 | (0.313) |
Increased | 10.2 | 10.0 | |
Heavy physical work or strenuous exercise | |||
Decreased | 9.0 | 20.9 | <0.001 |
No change | 83.3 | 70.8 | (0.163) |
Increased | 7.8 | 8.2 | |
Walking and standing | |||
Decreased | 7.3 | 36.9 | <0.001 |
No change | 88.2 | 58.2 | (0.341) |
Increased | 4.5 | 4.9 | |
Sedentary activity | |||
Decreased | 3.0 | 4.0 | <0.001 |
No change | 88.6 | 65.8 | (0.267) |
Increased | 8.4 | 30.2 | |
Sleep duration | |||
Became longer | 5.5 | 27.2 | <0.001 |
No change | 88.9 | 65.2 | (0.285) |
Became shorter | 5.6 | 7.6 | |
Waketime | |||
Became later | 5.8 | 19.0 | <0.001 |
No change | 79.4 | 68.8 | (0.189) |
Became earlier | 14.8 | 12.2 | |
Bedtime | |||
Became later | 8.7 | 16.4 | <0.001 |
No change | 79.2 | 67.6 | (0.133) |
Became earlier | 12.1 | 16.0 | |
Amount of drinking 4 | |||
Increased | 14.5 | 17.4 | <0.001 |
No change | 74.1 | 64.6 | (0.108) |
Decreased | 11.3 | 18.0 | |
Amount of smoking 5 | |||
Increased | 16.2 | 26.0 | 0.006 |
No change | 75.3 | 62.9 | (0.133) |
Decreased | 8.5 | 11.1 | |
Frequency of defecation | |||
Increased | 2.9 | 7.8 | <0.001 |
No change | 92.8 | 86.8 | (0.106) |
Decreased | 4.3 | 5.4 | |
Frequency of main meals | |||
Increased | 2.4 | 7.3 | <0.001 |
No change | 92.9 | 86.4 | (0.115) |
Decreased | 4.7 | 6.3 | |
Frequency of snacking | |||
Increased | 9.7 | 23.3 | <0.001 |
No change | 81.5 | 70.4 | (0.176) |
Decreased | 8.8 | 6.4 | |
Body weight | |||
Increased | 31.3 | 38.1 | <0.001 |
No change | 47.6 | 41.5 | (0.072) |
Decreased | 21.1 | 20.5 |
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Nishijima, C.; Miyagawa, N.; Tsuboyama-Kasaoka, N.; Chiba, T.; Miyachi, M. Association between Lifestyle Changes and at-Home Hours during and after the State of Emergency Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic in Japan. Nutrients 2021, 13, 2698. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082698
Nishijima C, Miyagawa N, Tsuboyama-Kasaoka N, Chiba T, Miyachi M. Association between Lifestyle Changes and at-Home Hours during and after the State of Emergency Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic in Japan. Nutrients. 2021; 13(8):2698. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082698
Chicago/Turabian StyleNishijima, Chiharu, Naoko Miyagawa, Nobuyo Tsuboyama-Kasaoka, Tsuyoshi Chiba, and Motohiko Miyachi. 2021. "Association between Lifestyle Changes and at-Home Hours during and after the State of Emergency Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic in Japan" Nutrients 13, no. 8: 2698. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082698