Infants’ First Solid Foods: Impact on Gut Microbiota Development in Two Intercontinental Cohorts
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Assessment of Nutritional Intake
2.3. Fecal Collection, DNA Extraction and 16S rRNA Gene Profiles
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study Population
3.2. Nutritional Intake within Each Cohort at the Time of Solid Food Introduction
3.3. Microbial Community Structure Was Associated with Individual and Cohort
3.4. Alpha Diversity Increased over the Study Period
3.5. Alpha Diversity Was Associated with Dietary Variables at the Time of Solid Food Introduction
3.6. Increased Dietary Diversity Stabilized the Gut Microbiota at the Time of Solid Food Introduction
3.7. Bacterial ASVs Associated with Nutritional Variables
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Baby, Food & Mi | LucKi-Gut | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | Median | Range | Mean (SD) | n (%) | Median | Range | Mean (SD) | Sig. 1 | |
Age at Introduction (months) ++ | 15 (100) | 5.79 | 3.98, 6.5 | 5.5 (0.66) | 9 (100) | 5.03 | 4.37, 6.12 | 5.2 (0.66) | |
Gestational Age at Birth 2,+ | |||||||||
Completed 37 weeks | 0 (0) | - | - | - | 1 (14) | - | - | - | |
Completed 38 weeks | 3 (20) | - | - | - | 0 (0) | - | - | - | |
Completed 39 weeks | 4 (27) | - | - | - | 1 (14) | - | - | - | |
Completed 40 weeks | 6 (40) | - | - | - | 2 (29) | - | - | - | |
Completed 41 weeks | 2 (13) | - | - | - | 2 (29) | - | - | - | |
Completed 42 weeks | 0 (0) | 1 (14) | - | - | - | ||||
Female Sex + | 7 (47) | - | - | - | 4 (44) | - | - | - | |
Parity 2,+ | |||||||||
0 | 6 (40) | - | - | - | 4 (57) | - | - | - | |
1 | 4 (27) | - | - | - | 2 (29) | - | - | - | |
2 | 5 (33) | - | - | - | 1 (13) | - | - | - | |
Hospital Birth (Y) 3,+ | 9 (60) | - | - | - | 5 (71) | - | - | - | |
Gestational Diabetes (Y) | 4 (27) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) ++ | 15 (100) | 23.5 | 17.7, 24.0 | 24.1 (4.16) | 7 (78) | 19.9 | 18.6, 24.7 | 20.5 (1.97) | * |
GBS Prophylaxis (Y) + | 3 (20) | - | - | - | 0 (0) | - | - | - | |
Infant Oral Abx (Y) + | 1 (7) | - | - | - | 0 (0) | - | - | - | |
Infant Oral Pbx (Y) + | 5 (33) | - | - | - | 0 (0) | - | - | - | |
Maternal Oral Abx (Y) + | 1 (7) | - | - | - | 0 (0) | - | - | - |
Baby, Food & Mi | LucKi-Gut | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Range (Min, Max) | Mean (SD) | Range (Min, Max) | Sig. 1 | |
Estimated total energy from solid food (kcal/d) | 53.9 (64.06) | 468.8 (0.00, 468.8) | 28.9 (24.5) | 109 (0.00, 109.00) | *** |
Carbohydrates (kcal/d) | 25.7 (32.45) | 167.9 (0.00, 167.9) | 18.5 (19.9) | 94.8 (0.00, 94.8) | * |
Fat (kcal/d) | 21.2 (34.71) | 246.9 (0.00, 346.9) | 6.6 (11.3) | 70.2 (0.00, 70.2) | *** |
Protein (kcal/d) | 6.92 (9.07) | 60.7 (0.00, 60.7) | 1.9 (2.1) | 11.2 (0.00, 11.2) | *** |
Fiber (g/d) | 1.0 (1.62) | 8.98 (0.00, 8.98) | 0.8 (0.8) | 3.90 (0.00, 3.90) | |
Food Diversity | 6.34 (5.05) | 14.8 (0.800, 15.6) | 2.9 (2.8) | 8.90 (0.40, 9.30) | * |
Pre-/Probiotic Diversity | 7.8 (5.54) | 16.7 (0.00, 16.7) | 5.9 (2.5) | 10.9 (2.00, 12.9) | |
Food Diversity (/d) | 8.31 (9.80) | 55.0 (0.00, 55.0) | 4.2 (4.7) | 20.0 (0.00, 20.0) | *** |
Pre-/Probiotic Diversity (/d) | 25.1 (24.15) | 100.0 (0.00, 100.0) | 15.2 (15.2) | 60.0 (0.00, 60.0) | *** |
Baby, Food & Mi | LucKi-Gut | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Univariable | Multivariable 1 | Univariable | Multivariable 1 | |||||
Estimate | Sig. | Estimate | Sig. | Estimate | Sig. | Estimate | Sig. | |
Age (d) | −0.0010 | 0.80 | - | - | −0.0052 | 0.20 | - | - |
Sex | −0.17 | 0.28 | - | - | −0.16 | 0.31 | - | - |
Total energy (kcal/d) | −0.0028 | 0.025 | - | - | −0.0001 | 0.97 | - | - |
Carbohydrates (kcal/d) | −0.0043 | 0.12 | −0.0029 | 0.15 | −0.0004 | 0.91 | −0.0016 | 0.80 |
Fiber (g/d) | −0.069 | 0.17 | 0.043 | 0.60 | −0.025 | 0.76 | −0.048 | 0.68 |
Protein (kcal/d) | −0.019 | 0.036 | −0.0077 | 0.68 | −0.045 | 0.12 | −0.11 | 0.01 |
Fat (kcal/d) | −0.044 | 0.030 | 0.0019 | 0.33 | 0.0028 | 0.58 | 0.0033 | 0.60 |
Food Diversity (/d) | −0.033 | 0.0003 | −0.026 | 0.0079 | −0.008 | 0.62 | −0.0088 | 0.60 |
Pre-/Probiotic Diversity (/d) | −0.016 | <0.0001 | −0.014 | 0.00014 | −0.0077 | 0.007 | −0.008 | 0.039 |
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Homann, C.-M.; Rossel, C.A.J.; Dizzell, S.; Bervoets, L.; Simioni, J.; Li, J.; Gunn, E.; Surette, M.G.; de Souza, R.J.; Mommers, M.; et al. Infants’ First Solid Foods: Impact on Gut Microbiota Development in Two Intercontinental Cohorts. Nutrients 2021, 13, 2639. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082639
Homann C-M, Rossel CAJ, Dizzell S, Bervoets L, Simioni J, Li J, Gunn E, Surette MG, de Souza RJ, Mommers M, et al. Infants’ First Solid Foods: Impact on Gut Microbiota Development in Two Intercontinental Cohorts. Nutrients. 2021; 13(8):2639. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082639
Chicago/Turabian StyleHomann, Chiara-Maria, Connor A. J. Rossel, Sara Dizzell, Liene Bervoets, Julia Simioni, Jenifer Li, Elizabeth Gunn, Michael G. Surette, Russell J. de Souza, Monique Mommers, and et al. 2021. "Infants’ First Solid Foods: Impact on Gut Microbiota Development in Two Intercontinental Cohorts" Nutrients 13, no. 8: 2639. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082639