Infant Gut Microbiota Associated with Fine Motor Skills
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects, Experimental Design and Ethical Guidelines
2.2. DNA Extraction from Stool Samples
2.3. 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing and Data Processing
2.4. Assessment of Infant Cognitive Development
2.5. Statistical and Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study Population Characteristics and Bayley®-III Scores
3.2. Taxonomic Profiling of Infants’ Gut Microbiota
3.3. Gut Microbial Structure Is Different Regarding Fine Motor Skills
3.4. Enterotypes Are Associated with Fine Motor Activity in Infants
3.5. Thirteen Genera including Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus Differentiated Fine Motricity Groups
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Below the Median | Above the Median | p |
---|---|---|---|
Maternal characteristics | |||
Age (years) | 32.87 (5.37) | 33.57 (2.97) | 0.485 |
Pre-pregnancy BMI | 0.034 * | ||
Normal-Weight | 12 (38.71%) | 9 (22.5%) | |
Overweight | 9 (29.03%) | 24 (60.0%) | |
Obesity | 10 (32.26%) | 7 (17.5%) | |
Pre-pregnancy weight (kg) | 72.12 (14.3) | 72.38 (15.17) | 0.966 |
Weight gain (kg) | 8.71 (4.23) | 8.35 (7.62) | 0.832 |
Diabetes | 0.515 | ||
No | 17 (54.84%) | 25 (62.5%) | |
Yes | 14 (45.16%) | 15 (37.5%) | |
Education | 0.154 | ||
Primary/Secondary | 20 (64.52%) | 18 (45.0%) | |
University | 11 (35.48%) | 20 (50.0%) | |
Smoking during pregnancy | 0.744 | ||
No | 28 (90.32%) | 37 (92.5%) | |
Yes | 3 (9.68%) | 3 (7.5%) | |
Drinking alcohol during pregnancy | 0.855 | ||
No | 30 (96.77%) | 39 (97.5%) | |
Yes | 1 (3.23%) | 1 (2.5%) | |
Type of delivery | 0.644 | ||
Eutocic | 20 (64.52%) | 22 (55.0%) | |
Dystocic | 4 (12.90%) | 5 (12.5%) | |
Cesarean | 7 (22.58%) | 13 (32.5%) | |
Infant characteristics | |||
Sex | |||
Male | 22 (70.97%) | 23 (57.5%) | 0.243 |
Female | 9 (29.03%) | 17 (42.5%) | |
Birth weight (g) | 3253.87 (467.99) | 3287.25 (578.51) | 0.794 |
Birth length (cm) | 50.68 (1.96) | 49.83 (2.02) | 0.098 |
Birth head Circumference (cm) | 34.75 (1.29) | 34.66 (1.47) | 0.803 |
Placenta (g) | 498.52 (108.69) | 532.06 (127.56) | 0.281 |
Breastfeeding † | 0.032 * | ||
Exclusive | 14 (45.16%) | 29 (72.5%) | |
Mixed | 4 (12.90%) | 5 (12.5%) | |
Artificial | 13 (41.94%) | 6 (15.0%) |
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Acuña, I.; Cerdó, T.; Ruiz, A.; Torres-Espínola, F.J.; López-Moreno, A.; Aguilera, M.; Suárez, A.; Campoy, C. Infant Gut Microbiota Associated with Fine Motor Skills. Nutrients 2021, 13, 1673. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051673
Acuña I, Cerdó T, Ruiz A, Torres-Espínola FJ, López-Moreno A, Aguilera M, Suárez A, Campoy C. Infant Gut Microbiota Associated with Fine Motor Skills. Nutrients. 2021; 13(5):1673. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051673
Chicago/Turabian StyleAcuña, Inmaculada, Tomás Cerdó, Alicia Ruiz, Francisco J. Torres-Espínola, Ana López-Moreno, Margarita Aguilera, Antonio Suárez, and Cristina Campoy. 2021. "Infant Gut Microbiota Associated with Fine Motor Skills" Nutrients 13, no. 5: 1673. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051673
APA StyleAcuña, I., Cerdó, T., Ruiz, A., Torres-Espínola, F. J., López-Moreno, A., Aguilera, M., Suárez, A., & Campoy, C. (2021). Infant Gut Microbiota Associated with Fine Motor Skills. Nutrients, 13(5), 1673. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051673