In Vitro Evidence on Bioaccessibility of Flavonols and Cinnamoyl Derivatives of Cruciferous Sprouts
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Reagents
2.2. Plant Material
2.3. Processing Brassica Sprout Samples by a Simulated in Vitro Static Digestion Method
2.4. HPLC-DAD-ESI/MSn Analysis of Analytical Extracts and Gastrointestinal Digestion Fractions of Brassica Sprouts
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Content of Flavonols and Hydroxycinnamic Acids in the Raw Cruciferous Sprouts
3.2. Influence of Gastric, Intestinal, and Gastrointestinal Digestion
3.2.1. Gastrointestinal Digestion
3.2.2. Gastric and Intestinal Isolate Digestion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Consituent | Concentration of SGF, pH 3 (mmol/L) | Concentration of SIF, pH 7 (mmol/L) |
---|---|---|
Potassium chloride (KCl) | 6.90 | 6.80 |
Potassium dihydrogenphosphate (KH2PO4) | 0.90 | 0.80 |
Sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3) | 25.00 | 85.00 |
Sodium chloride (NaCl) | 47.20 | 38.40 |
Magnesium chloride (MgCl2) | 0.10 | 0.33 |
Ammonium carbonate ((NH4)CO3) | 0.50 | - |
Compound | Parent Ion (m/z [M-H]-) | Product Ions (m/z [M-H]-) | Broccoli Sprouts | Red Radish Sprouts | Red Cabbage Sprouts | White Mustard Sprouts | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(MS2) | (MS3) | PM | GP | IP | GIP | PM | GP | IP | GIP | PM | GP | IP | GIP | PM | GP | IP | GIP | ||
Kaempferol sinapoyl-diglcusoside-7-glucoside | 977 | 815,609,429 | 285 | X | X | X | X | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Sinapoyl-glucose | 385 | 265,247 | 223 | X | - | X | X | X | - | X | X | X | - | X | X | - | - | - | - |
Kaempferol—7-gucoside-3-sinapoyl diglucoside | 977 | 623,429 | 285 | X | - | X | X | - | - | - | - | X | - | - | - | X | - | - | - |
Unknown synapoyl derivative | 236 | 207 | 223 | - | - | - | - | - | X | - | - | - | X | - | - | - | X | - | - |
Feruloyl-glucose | 385 | 355,244 | 193 | X | - | X | X | X | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Disinapoyl-gentibioside | 753 | 529,289 | 223 | X | - | X | X | - | - | X | X | X | - | - | X | X | - | X | X |
Trisinapoyl-gentibioside | 959 | 753,529,289 | 223 | X | - | X | X | X | - | X | X | X | - | X | X | X | - | X | X |
Disinapoyl-glucose | 591 | 367,223,193 | 223 | - | - | - | - | X | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | X | - | - | - |
Disinapoyl-glucose (isomer) | 591 | 367,193 | 223 | X | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Synapoyl-gentibioside | 547 | 529,247 | 223 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | X | X | X | - | X | X |
Sinapic acid | 223 | 207,179 | 163 | - | - | - | - | - | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | - | X | X | X |
Compound | Sprouts | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Broccoli | Red Radish | Red Cabbage | White Mustard | |
Flavonols | ||||
Kaempferol sinapoyl-diglucoside-7-glucoside | 1.18 ± 0.01 a Z | N.d. Y b | N.d. b | N.d. b |
Kaempferol—7-glucoside-3-sinapoyl diglucoside | 52.72 ± 0.77 a | N.d. d | 46.44 ± 0.57 b | 43.42 ± 0.06 c |
Hydroxycinamic acids | ||||
Sinapoyl-glucose | 5.89 ± 0.05 d | 22.08 ± 0.70 b | 9.99 ± 0.08 c | 36.58 ± 1.41 a |
Unknown sinapoyl derivative | N.d. b | 21.31 ± 0.05 a | N.d. b | N.d. b |
Feruloyl-glucose | 18,60 ± 0.87 a | 5.60 ± 0.14 b | N.d. c | N.d. c |
Disinapoyl-glucose | 17.30 ± 1.50 a | 11.70 ± 1.06 b | N.d. c | N.d. c |
Disinapoyl-gentibioside | 13.79 ± 0.36 b | N.d. d | 21.72 ± 2.93 a | 8.85 ± 0.13 c |
Trisinapoyl-gentibioside | 28.40 ± 1.05 a | 3.55 ± 0.30 b | 29.89 ± 2.93 a | 32.31 ± 1.87 a |
Compound | Sprouts | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Broccoli | Red Radish | Red Cabbage | White Mustard | |
Flavonols | ||||
Kaempferol sinapoyl-diglucoside-7-glucoside | 3.55 ± 0.27 a Z | N.d. b | N.d. b | N.d. b |
Kaempferol—7-gucoside-3-sinapoyl diglucoside | 4.59 ± 0.11 a | N.d. b | N.d. b | N.d. b |
Hydroxycinnamic acids | ||||
Sinapoyl-glucose | 2.94 ± 0.39 b | 2.02 ± 0.24 b | 3.61 ± 0.36 b | 29.00 ± 3.69 a |
Synapoyl-gentibioside | N.d. b | N.d. b | 3.82 ± 0.34 a | N.d. b |
Unknown synapoyl derivative | N.d. b | 2.09 ± 0.18 a | N.d. b | N.d. b |
Feruloyl-glucose | 8.61 ± 0.20 a | N.d. b | N.d. b | N.d. b |
Sinapic acid | 1.40 ± 0.05 c | 45,39 ± 2.65 a | 15.54 ± 2.48 ab | 17.93 ± 1.61 ab |
Disinapoyl-glucose | N.d. b | N.d. b | N.d. b | 1.90 ± 0.25 a |
Disinapoyl-gentibioside | 1.77 ± 0.17 b | 14.71 ± 2.36 a | N.d. c | 1.62 ± 0.22 b |
Trisinapoyl-gentibioside | 6.08 ± 0.29 b | 1.10 ± 0.17 c | 7.67 ± 0.28 a | N.d. d |
Compound | Digestive Phase Z | Sprouts | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Broccoli | Red Radish | Red Cabbage | White Mustard | ||
Flavonols | |||||
Kaempferol sinapoyl-diglucoside-7-glucoside | GD | 3.21 ± 0.30 b Y | N.d. X b | N.d. b | N.d. b |
ID | 4.55 ± 0.22 a | N.d. b | N.d. b | N.d. b | |
Kaempferol—7-glucoside-3-sinapoyl diglucoside | GD | N.d. b | N.d. | N.d. | N.d. |
ID | 4.32 ± 0.07 a | N.d. b | N.d. b | N.d. b | |
Hydroxycinammic acids | |||||
Sinapoyl-glucose | GD | N.d. | N.d. | N.d. | N.d. |
ID | 2.69 ± 0.02 b | 1.83 ± 0.28 b | 4.59 ± 0.06 b | 27.11 ± 1.52 a | |
Synapoyl-gentibioside | GD | N.d. | N.d. | N.d. | N.d. |
ID | N.d. b | N.d. b | 5.03 ± 0.69 a | N.d. b | |
Unknown synapoyl derivative | GD | N.d. | N.d. c | N.d. | N.d. |
ID | N.d. b | 2.97 ± 0.20 a | N.d. b | N.d. b | |
Feruloyl-glucose | GD | N.d. | N.d. | N.d. | N.d. |
ID | 10.19 ± 0.38 a | N.d. b | N.d. b | N.d. b | |
Sinapic acid | GD | 35.59 ± 0.49 b | 58.32 ± 7.89 a | 45.38 ± 4.06 ab | 32,08 ± 0.32 b |
ID | 0.63 ± 0.09 c | 47.34 ± 5.11 a | 26.29 ± 0.56 b | 25.45 ± 0.45 b | |
Disinapoyl-glucose | GD | N.d. | N.d. | N.d. | N.d. |
ID | N.d. b | N.d. b | N.d. b | 1.51 ± 0.12 a | |
Disinapoyl-gentibioside | GD | N.d. | N.d. | N.d. | N.d. |
ID | 2.69 ± 0.10 c | 16.26 ± 1.61 a | 4.31 ± 0.39 b | 1.39 ± 0.15 c | |
Trisinapoyl-gentibioside | GD | N.d. | N.d. | N.d. | N.d. |
ID | 4.49 ± 0.12 b | 1.32 ± 0.13 c | 11.47 ± 0.91 a | N.d. d | |
Unknown synapoyl derivative | GD | N.d. c | 32.08 ± 4.11 a | 27.15 ± 3.14 a | 22,38 ± 1.93 b |
ID | N.d. | N.d. | N.d. | N.d. |
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Abellán, Á.; Domínguez-Perles, R.; García-Viguera, C.; Moreno, D.A. In Vitro Evidence on Bioaccessibility of Flavonols and Cinnamoyl Derivatives of Cruciferous Sprouts. Nutrients 2021, 13, 4140. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13114140
Abellán Á, Domínguez-Perles R, García-Viguera C, Moreno DA. In Vitro Evidence on Bioaccessibility of Flavonols and Cinnamoyl Derivatives of Cruciferous Sprouts. Nutrients. 2021; 13(11):4140. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13114140
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbellán, Ángel, Raúl Domínguez-Perles, Cristina García-Viguera, and Diego A. Moreno. 2021. "In Vitro Evidence on Bioaccessibility of Flavonols and Cinnamoyl Derivatives of Cruciferous Sprouts" Nutrients 13, no. 11: 4140. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13114140