Factors Associated with Serum Vitamin D Metabolites and Vitamin D Metabolite Ratios in Premenopausal Women
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Recruitment and Data Collection
2.3. Biochemical Analyses
2.4. Statistical Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix A.1. Sample Preparation
Appendix A.2. LC–MS/MS Analysis
References
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Vit D3 (nmol/L) | 25(OH)D3 (nmol/L) | 1,25(OH)2D3 (pmol/L) | 24,25(OH)2D3 (nmol/L) | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | n | (%) | P25 | P50 | P75 | p-Val a | P25 | P50 | P75 | p-Val a | P25 | P50 | P75 | p-Val a | P25 | P50 | P75 | p-Val a |
Total | 1422 | (100) | 4.5 | 6.4 | 8.5 | 35.9 | 45.8 | 58.7 | 96.9 | 111.1 | 125.7 | 2.3 | 3.1 | 4.0 | ||||
Age | ||||||||||||||||||
<45 | 758 | (53.3) | 4.3 | 6.2 | 8.4 | 0.827 | 35.5 | 45.9 | 58.8 | 0.497 | 96.3 | 110.9 | 126.1 | 0.450 | 2.4 | 3.2 | 4.1 | 0.002 |
≥45 | 664 | (46.7) | 4.6 | 6.5 | 8.6 | 36.2 | 45.7 | 58.4 | 97.5 | 111.4 | 125.2 | 2.1 | 2.9 | 4.0 | ||||
Educational level | ||||||||||||||||||
Primary school or less | 63 | (4.4) | 4.5 | 6.4 | 8.3 | 0.906 | 32.5 | 43.3 | 55.1 | 0.813 | 98.8 | 112.3 | 128.9 | 0.569 | 2.2 | 2.9 | 4.0 | 0.798 |
Secondary school | 487 | (34.3) | 4.5 | 6.4 | 8.5 | 36.8 | 48.0 | 58.8 | 97.0 | 111.7 | 126.1 | 2.3 | 3.1 | 4.1 | ||||
University graduate | 871 | (61.3) | 4.4 | 6.4 | 8.6 | 35.6 | 45.1 | 58.8 | 96.7 | 110.8 | 125.4 | 2.2 | 3.1 | 4.0 | ||||
Body mass index (kg/m2) | ||||||||||||||||||
<20 | 148 | (10.4) | 4.4 | 6.4 | 9.8 | <0.001 | 35.6 | 44.8 | 60.4 | 0.010 | 93.1 | 109.5 | 125.2 | 0.532 | 2.1 | 3.0 | 4.1 | 0.006 |
20–25 | 810 | (57) | 4.6 | 6.5 | 8.8 | 36.9 | 46.9 | 58.5 | 97.1 | 111.0 | 125.7 | 2.3 | 3.2 | 4.1 | ||||
25–29 | 326 | (22.9) | 4.4 | 6.2 | 8.1 | 35.3 | 44.7 | 59.0 | 97.6 | 112.5 | 126.1 | 2.2 | 2.9 | 4.0 | ||||
≥ 30 | 137 | (9.6) | 4.0 | 5.4 | 7.6 | 34.5 | 45.3 | 58.5 | 97.5 | 112.2 | 124.0 | 2.1 | 2.8 | 3.6 | ||||
Number of children | ||||||||||||||||||
None | 336 | (23.6) | 4.3 | 6.3 | 8.6 | 0.824 | 34.4 | 43.5 | 55.5 | 0.004 | 97.9 | 113.5 | 126.5 | 0.055 | 2.0 | 2.8 | 3.8 | <0.001 |
1 | 328 | (23.1) | 4.4 | 6.2 | 8.5 | 36.7 | 47.5 | 59.6 | 96.7 | 112.5 | 126.1 | 2.2 | 3.2 | 4.1 | ||||
2 | 677 | (47.6) | 4.5 | 6.5 | 8.5 | 36.8 | 47.3 | 59.2 | 96.7 | 109.3 | 125.0 | 2.3 | 3.2 | 4.1 | ||||
>2 | 81 | (5.7) | 4.5 | 6.4 | 8.9 | 36.2 | 44.5 | 54.8 | 96.6 | 110.8 | 122.3 | 2.3 | 3.0 | 4.2 | ||||
Tobacco consumption | ||||||||||||||||||
No | 550 | (38.7) | 4.5 | 6.3 | 8.5 | 0.684 | 36.8 | 46.7 | 59.0 | 0.164 | 97.0 | 111.8 | 126.2 | 0.333 | 2.3 | 3.1 | 4.1 | 0.024 |
Exsmoker | 493 | (34.7) | 4.5 | 6.5 | 8.6 | 35.8 | 45.6 | 59.5 | 96.7 | 110.8 | 125.9 | 2.3 | 3.2 | 4.1 | ||||
Current smoker | 379 | (26.7) | 4.4 | 6.3 | 8.4 | 34.5 | 45.0 | 56.6 | 97.1 | 110.8 | 124.9 | 2.1 | 2.9 | 3.9 | ||||
Alcohol consumption | ||||||||||||||||||
No | 249 | (19.9) | 4.4 | 6.3 | 8.6 | 0.849 | 34.6 | 43.7 | 55.5 | 0.116 | 97.5 | 111.5 | 125.3 | 0.823 | 2.3 | 3.1 | 3.9 | 0.952 |
<10 g/day | 827 | (66.1) | 4.5 | 6.4 | 8.4 | 36.2 | 46.4 | 58.7 | 96.3 | 109.5 | 123.0 | 2.3 | 3.0 | 4.0 | ||||
≥10 g/day | 176 | (14.1) | 4.4 | 6.3 | 8.5 | 38.6 | 47.2 | 58.3 | 97.2 | 112.9 | 129.7 | 2.2 | 3.1 | 4.2 | ||||
Physical activity (MET-h/week) | ||||||||||||||||||
None | 592 | (41.8) | 4.3 | 6.1 | 8.3 | 0.001 | 34.8 | 44.0 | 56.3 | 0.077 | 96.8 | 110.8 | 126.7 | 0.309 | 2.1 | 2.9 | 3.9 | 0.031 |
≤12 | 351 | (24.8) | 4.4 | 6.2 | 8.3 | 36.8 | 45.6 | 58.3 | 96.7 | 111.6 | 125.1 | 2.2 | 3.1 | 4.1 | ||||
>12 | 473 | (33.4) | 4.7 | 6.7 | 8.9 | 38.3 | 49.3 | 60.9 | 96.9 | 111.0 | 124.8 | 2.4 | 3.2 | 4.2 | ||||
Hypercholesterolemia | ||||||||||||||||||
No | 1228 | (87.3) | 4.4 | 6.3 | 8.5 | 0.117 | 36.1 | 46.0 | 58.6 | 0.672 | 97.0 | 111.4 | 125.7 | 0.178 | 2.3 | 3.1 | 4.0 | 0.955 |
Yes, not treated | 147 | (10.4) | 5.0 | 6.5 | 8.3 | 35.5 | 43.9 | 57.8 | 98.6 | 111.4 | 129.0 | 2.1 | 2.9 | 3.9 | ||||
Treated with statins | 32 | (2.3) | 5.6 | 6.7 | 9.0 | 33.5 | 51.5 | 81.0 | 87.3 | 108.6 | 123.0 | 2.4 | 3.1 | 5.0 | ||||
Ever used corticosteroids | ||||||||||||||||||
No | 1272 | (89.6) | 4.4 | 6.3 | 8.5 | 0.026 | 35.9 | 45.8 | 58.6 | 0.225 | 96.9 | 111.0 | 125.1 | 0.299 | 2.3 | 3.1 | 4.0 | 0.224 |
Yes | 148 | (10.4) | 5.2 | 6.7 | 8.8 | 37.2 | 46.4 | 62.2 | 98.0 | 111.8 | 128.7 | 2.3 | 3.2 | 4.1 | ||||
Phototype | ||||||||||||||||||
I-II | 117 | (8.3) | 4.5 | 6.6 | 9.1 | 0.835 | 38.0 | 47.1 | 62.1 | 0.145 | 98.3 | 113.4 | 129.7 | 0.652 | 2.4 | 3.1 | 4.1 | 0.462 |
III | 263 | (18.7) | 4.3 | 6.0 | 8.1 | 35.5 | 45.2 | 58.5 | 94.6 | 109.9 | 123.1 | 2.2 | 2.9 | 3.9 | ||||
IV | 758 | (53.8) | 4.5 | 6.3 | 8.5 | 36.3 | 47.5 | 59.0 | 96.8 | 110.9 | 125.3 | 2.3 | 3.1 | 4.1 | ||||
V-VI | 271 | (19.2) | 4.6 | 6.5 | 8.7 | 33.7 | 44.4 | 54.9 | 99.0 | 111.8 | 127.6 | 2.2 | 3.1 | 4.0 | ||||
Weekly Sun Exposure Score b | ||||||||||||||||||
<15 | 534 | (47.4) | 4.2 | 6.2 | 8.2 | 0.028 | 33.0 | 42.2 | 52.3 | <0.001 | 98.9 | 113.2 | 127.6 | 0.510 | 2.0 | 2.8 | 3.7 | 0.019 |
15–28 | 337 | (29.9) | 4.4 | 6.0 | 8.1 | 39.3 | 49.8 | 64.2 | 94.1 | 109.1 | 124.2 | 2.5 | 3.2 | 4.2 | ||||
29–56 | 255 | (22.6) | 5.8 | 7.5 | 9.5 | 43.0 | 54.4 | 65.6 | 91.6 | 104.3 | 125.3 | 2.6 | 3.6 | 4.6 | ||||
Total energy intake (kcal/day) c | ||||||||||||||||||
<1669.2 | 418 | (33.4) | 4.3 | 6.2 | 8.2 | 0.896 | 36.2 | 45.6 | 60.7 | 0.318 | 95.2 | 107.3 | 122.4 | 0.059 | 2.2 | 3.1 | 4.1 | 0.728 |
1669.2–2144.1 | 417 | (33.3) | 4.6 | 6.6 | 8.6 | 36.6 | 47.1 | 58.7 | 95.7 | 111.0 | 124.9 | 2.2 | 3.0 | 3.9 | ||||
>2144.1 | 417 | (33.3) | 4.5 | 6.3 | 8.5 | 35.8 | 45.6 | 55.8 | 99.6 | 112.0 | 126.6 | 2.3 | 3.1 | 4.0 | ||||
Total calcium intake (mg/day) c | ||||||||||||||||||
<892.5 | 418 | (33.4) | 4.4 | 6.3 | 8.3 | 0.559 | 36.5 | 44.9 | 57.4 | 0.413 | 96.2 | 111.1 | 124.9 | 0.349 | 2.2 | 3.0 | 3.9 | 0.046 |
892.5–1246.9 | 417 | (33.3) | 4.4 | 6.5 | 8.7 | 35.5 | 47.4 | 59.0 | 97.0 | 112.0 | 125.3 | 2.2 | 3.1 | 4.1 | ||||
>1246.9 | 417 | (33.3) | 4.5 | 6.4 | 8.4 | 36.2 | 46.0 | 58.2 | 97.3 | 108.5 | 124.1 | 2.4 | 3.1 | 4.0 | ||||
Total vitamin D intake (µg/day) d | ||||||||||||||||||
<5 | 906 | (72.4) | 4.5 | 6.3 | 8.4 | 0.945 | 35.6 | 45.6 | 57.0 | 0.001 | 96.1 | 110.8 | 124.7 | 0.435 | 2.2 | 3.0 | 3.9 | 0.003 |
≥5 | 237 | (18.9) | 4.6 | 6.7 | 8.8 | 36.5 | 45.8 | 58.1 | 99.4 | 111.0 | 125.7 | 2.4 | 3.2 | 4.1 | ||||
Supplements intake | 109 | (8.7) | 4.2 | 5.7 | 7.7 | 38.5 | 52.8 | 69.6 | 97.1 | 108.4 | 123.4 | 2.4 | 3.2 | 4.4 | ||||
Season | ||||||||||||||||||
Spring | 467 | (32.8) | 5.1 | 6.6 | 8.5 | <0.001 | 35.6 | 45.7 | 58.1 | 0.005 | 93.2 | 109.9 | 127.7 | <0.001 | 1.9 | 2.7 | 3.6 | <0.001 |
Summer | 227 | (16) | 5.9 | 8.2 | 9.9 | 43.0 | 55.1 | 66.4 | 92.3 | 105.7 | 123.8 | 2.8 | 3.8 | 4.8 | ||||
Fall | 415 | (29.2) | 4.2 | 5.5 | 7.1 | 37.2 | 46.9 | 58.5 | 97.0 | 110.6 | 125.0 | 2.7 | 3.5 | 4.6 | ||||
Winter | 313 | (22) | 4.1 | 5.0 | 8.6 | 32.7 | 40.1 | 50.7 | 103.1 | 115.4 | 126.7 | 2.0 | 2.7 | 3.3 |
Vit D3 | 25(OH)D3 | 1,25(OH)2D3 | 24,25(OH)2D3 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | GM | GMR a | 95%CI | p-Val | GM | GMR b | 95%CI | p-Val | GM | GMR c | 95%CI | p-Val | GM | GMR d | 95%CI | p-Val |
Age | ||||||||||||||||
<45 | 6.0 | 1.00 | 45.9 | 1.00 | 108.8 | 1.00 | 3.1 | 1.00 | ||||||||
≥45 | 6.3 | 1.02 | (0.97–1.06) | 0.525 | 45.9 | 0.99 | (0.95–1.03) | 0.650 | 109.1 | 1.01 | (0.99–1.04) | 0.410 | 2.9 | 0.93 | (0.88–0.98) | 0.005 |
Educational level e | ||||||||||||||||
Primary school or less | 5.9 | 0.99 | (0.92–1.07) | 0.820 | 43.3 | 0.97 | (0.90–1.04) | 0.359 | 107.6 | 0.99 | (0.95–1.03) | 0.630 | 2.8 | 0.99 | (0.91–1.08) | 0.793 |
Secondary school | 6.1 | 1.01 | (0.97–1.06) | 0.599 | 46.9 | 1.02 | (0.98–1.07) | 0.269 | 109.2 | 1.00 | (0.98–1.03) | 0.783 | 3.0 | 1.02 | (0.97–1.07) | 0.506 |
University graduate | 6.1 | 1.00 | (0.95–1.04) | 0.872 | 45.6 | 1.01 | (0.97–1.05) | 0.677 | 108.9 | 1.01 | (0.98–1.03) | 0.589 | 3.0 | 0.99 | (0.95–1.04) | 0.807 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | ||||||||||||||||
<20 | 6.5 | 1.00 | 45.6 | 1.00 | 107.5 | 1.00 | 2.8 | 1.00 | ||||||||
20–25 | 6.3 | 0.98 | (0.90–1.06) | 0.566 | 46.5 | 1.00 | (0.93–1.08) | 0.897 | 109.2 | 1.00 | (0.95–1.04) | 0.887 | 3.1 | 1.04 | (0.95–1.14) | 0.359 |
25–29 | 5.8 | 0.92 | (0.85–1.01) | 0.080 | 45.5 | 0.97 | (0.89–1.05) | 0.404 | 108.3 | 0.98 | (0.93–1.03) | 0.444 | 2.9 | 0.99 | (0.90–1.09) | 0.810 |
≥30 | 5.3 | 0.83 | (0.74–0.93) | 0.001 | 43.6 | 0.90 | (0.81–1.00) | 0.045 | 110.4 | 1.00 | (0.94–1.06) | 0.887 | 2.7 | 0.90 | (0.80–1.01) | 0.080 |
Parity | ||||||||||||||||
Parous | 6.1 | 1.00 | 46.7 | 1.00 | 108.6 | 1.00 | 3.1 | 1.00 | ||||||||
nuliparous | 6.1 | 0.98 | (0.93–1.04) | 0.476 | 43.4 | 0.90 | (0.86–0.95) | <0.001 | 110.1 | 1.02 | (0.99–1.05) | 0.135 | 2.7 | 0.87 | (0.81–0.92) | <0.001 |
Tobacco consumption | ||||||||||||||||
No | 6.2 | 1.00 | 46.6 | 1.00 | 108.5 | 1.00 | 3.0 | 1.00 | ||||||||
Exsmoker | 6.2 | 1.01 | (0.96–1.07) | 0.642 | 46.2 | 1.00 | (0.95–1.05) | 0.949 | 109.5 | 1.01 | (0.98–1.04) | 0.417 | 3.0 | 1.02 | (0.96–1.08) | 0.589 |
Current smoker | 6.0 | 0.99 | (0.94–1.05) | 0.848 | 44.5 | 0.96 | (0.91–1.01) | 0.144 | 108.8 | 1.02 | (0.98–1.05) | 0.326 | 2.8 | 0.93 | (0.87–0.99) | 0.019 |
Alcohol consumption | ||||||||||||||||
No | 6.0 | 1.00 | 43.9 | 1.00 | 109.1 | 1.00 | 3.0 | 1.00 | ||||||||
<10 g/day | 6.2 | 1.00 | (0.94–1.06) | 0.973 | 46.2 | 1.04 | (0.98–1.10) | 0.161 | 107.8 | 0.98 | (0.95–1.02) | 0.313 | 3.0 | 1.01 | (0.94–1.08) | 0.794 |
≥10 g/day | 6.1 | 0.98 | (0.90–1.06) | 0.533 | 46.8 | 1.07 | (0.99–1.15) | 0.080 | 110.0 | 1.00 | (0.96–1.05) | 0.938 | 3.0 | 1.04 | (0.95–1.13) | 0.441 |
Physical activity (MET-h/week) | ||||||||||||||||
None | 5.9 | 1.00 | 44.2 | 1.00 | 108.9 | 1.00 | 2.8 | 1.00 | ||||||||
≤12 | 6.1 | 1.02 | (0.96–1.08) | 0.466 | 45.8 | 1.04 | (0.99–1.10) | 0.139 | 108.2 | 1.00 | (0.97–1.03) | 0.952 | 3.0 | 1.08 | (1.01–1.15) | 0.020 |
>12 | 6.5 | 1.08 | (1.02–1.14) | 0.006 | 48.2 | 1.05 | (1.00–1.11) | 0.067 | 109.4 | 1.01 | (0.98–1.05) | 0.350 | 3.2 | 1.08 | (1.01–1.15) | 0.018 |
Hypercholesterolemia | ||||||||||||||||
No | 6.1 | 1.00 | 45.9 | 1.00 | 109.0 | 1.00 | 3.0 | 1.00 | ||||||||
Yes, not treated | 6.5 | 1.05 | (0.98–1.13) | 0.190 | 45.1 | 1.02 | (0.95–1.10) | 0.564 | 110.3 | 0.99 | (0.95–1.04) | 0.790 | 2.9 | 1.01 | (0.93–1.10) | 0.752 |
Treated with statins | 7.0 | 1.08 | (0.93–1.26) | 0.298 | 51.6 | 1.04 | (0.91–1.20) | 0.536 | 103.3 | 0.93 | (0.85–1.01) | 0.078 | 3.2 | 1.03 | (0.88–1.22) | 0.691 |
Ever used corticosteroids | ||||||||||||||||
No | 6.1 | 1.00 | 45.7 | 1.00 | 108.8 | 1.00 | 3.0 | 1.00 | ||||||||
Yes | 6.6 | 1.09 | (1.01–1.17) | 0.023 | 47.7 | 1.05 | (0.98–1.12) | 0.194 | 110.5 | 1.02 | (0.98–1.06) | 0.301 | 3.0 | 1.05 | (0.96–1.13) | 0.274 |
Phototype | ||||||||||||||||
I-II | 6.3 | 1.00 | 47.4 | 1.00 | 111.8 | 1.00 | 3.1 | 1.00 | ||||||||
III | 5.9 | 0.93 | (0.85–1.03) | 0.156 | 45.7 | 0.96 | (0.87–1.04) | 0.310 | 107.6 | 0.94 | (0.89–0.99) | 0.026 | 2.9 | 0.97 | (0.87–1.08) | 0.569 |
IV | 6.1 | 0.95 | (0.87–1.03) | 0.209 | 46.4 | 0.97 | (0.90–1.05) | 0.506 | 108.8 | 0.97 | (0.92–1.01) | 0.173 | 3.0 | 1.00 | (0.91–1.10) | 0.980 |
V-VI | 6.3 | 0.97 | (0.88–1.06) | 0.474 | 43.8 | 0.90 | (0.83–0.99) | 0.026 | 110.1 | 0.98 | (0.93–1.04) | 0.512 | 2.9 | 0.92 | (0.83–1.03) | 0.146 |
Weekly sun exposure score f | ||||||||||||||||
<15 | 5.9 | 1.00 | 41.9 | 1.00 | 110.7 | 1.00 | 2.7 | 1.00 | ||||||||
15–28 | 6.0 | 0.96 | (0.91–1.02) | 0.202 | 49.8 | 1.13 | (1.07–1.20) | <0.001 | 107.2 | 0.98 | (0.94–1.03) | 0.447 | 3.2 | 1.11 | (1.05–1.19) | 0.001 |
29–56 | 7.4 | 1.08 | (1.00–1.16) | 0.044 | 53.1 | 1.16 | (1.08–1.24) | <0.001 | 105.8 | 0.95 | (0.87–1.04) | 0.267 | 3.4 | 1.11 | (1.03–1.21) | 0.010 |
Total energy intake (kcal/day) g | ||||||||||||||||
<1669.2 | 6.0 | 1.00 | 46.1 | 1.00 | 106.7 | 1.00 | 3.0 | 1.00 | ||||||||
1669.2–2144.0 | 6.3 | 1.04 | (0.98–1.10) | 0.222 | 46.6 | 1.00 | (0.95–1.05) | 0.947 | 107.8 | 1.01 | (0.97–1.04) | 0.698 | 2.9 | 0.97 | (0.91–1.04) | 0.423 |
>2144.0 | 6.2 | 1.00 | (0.94–1.06) | 0.944 | 44.8 | 0.97 | (0.91–1.02) | 0.228 | 110.6 | 1.04 | (1.00–1.07) | 0.042 | 3.0 | 0.97 | (0.90–1.04) | 0.387 |
Total calcium intake (mg/day) g | ||||||||||||||||
<892.5 | 6.0 | 1.00 | 45.2 | 1.00 | 108.4 | 1.00 | 2.9 | 1.00 | ||||||||
892.5–1246.9 | 6.2 | 1.03 | (0.97–1.09) | 0.382 | 46.1 | 1.01 | (0.96–1.07) | 0.711 | 109.3 | 1.00 | (0.97–1.03) | 0.930 | 3.0 | 1.03 | (0.97–1.10) | 0.362 |
>1246.9 | 6.2 | 0.99 | (0.94–1.06) | 0.863 | 46.2 | 1.02 | (0.97–1.08) | 0.442 | 107.5 | 0.96 | (0.92–1.00) | 0.041 | 3.1 | 1.06 | (0.99–1.13) | 0.103 |
Total vitamin D intake (µg/day) h | ||||||||||||||||
<5 | 6.1 | 1.00 | 45.1 | 1.00 | 108.0 | 1.00 | 2.9 | 1.00 | ||||||||
≥5 | 6.4 | 1.04 | (0.98–1.10) | 0.219 | 45.7 | 1.01 | (0.95–1.06) | 0.807 | 110.0 | 1.01 | (0.98–1.05) | 0.487 | 3.1 | 1.06 | (0.99–1.13) | 0.102 |
Supplements intake | 5.8 | 0.96 | (0.88–1.04) | 0.317 | 52.8 | 1.18 | (1.09–1.27) | <0.001 | 107.7 | 1.00 | (0.96–1.05) | 0.994 | 3.2 | 1.12 | (1.02–1.22) | 0.016 |
Season e | ||||||||||||||||
Spring | 6.4 | 1.05 | (1.01–1.09) | 0.013 | 46.2 | 1.02 | (0.99–1.06) | 0.195 | 107.0 | 0.97 | (0.95–0.99) | 0.003 | 2.6 | 0.88 | (0.84–0.91) | <0.001 |
Summer | 7.5 | 1.13 | (1.06–1.19) | <0.001 | 53.6 | 1.06 | (1.01–1.12) | 0.021 | 107.3 | 0.99 | (0.96–1.02) | 0.452 | 3.6 | 1.12 | (1.05–1.19) | <0.001 |
Fall | 5.5 | 0.92 | (0.89–0.96) | <0.001 | 46.0 | 0.99 | (0.96–1.03) | 0.789 | 108.2 | 1.00 | (0.97–1.02) | 0.685 | 3.4 | 1.14 | (1.09–1.19) | <0.001 |
Winter | 5.6 | 0.92 | (0.88–0.96) | 0.001 | 40.6 | 0.92 | (0.88–0.97) | 0.001 | 114.1 | 1.05 | (1.02–1.08) | 0.001 | 2.6 | 0.89 | (0.85–0.94) | <0.001 |
R1: 25(OH)D3 /Vit D3 | R2: 1,25(OH)2D3 /25(OH)D3 | R3: 24,25(OH)2D3/25(OH)D3 | R4: 24,25(OH)2D3/1,25(OH)2D3 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | GM | GMR a | 95%CI | p-Val | GM | GMR b | 95%CI | p-Val | GM | GMR c | 95%CI | p-Val | GM | GMR d | 95%CI | p-Val |
Age | ||||||||||||||||
<45 | 7.66 | 1.00 | 2.4 × 10−3 | 1.00 | 0.07 | 1.00 | 28.24 | 1.00 | ||||||||
≥45 | 7.31 | 0.98 | (0.92–1.04) | 0.509 | 2.4 × 10−3 | 1.02 | (0.97–1.07) | 0.498 | 0.06 | 0.94 | (0.90–0.98) | 0.004 | 26.13 | 0.92 | (0.88–0.97) | 0.003 |
Educational level e | ||||||||||||||||
Primary school or less | 7.29 | 0.99 | (0.89–1.10) | 0.815 | 2.5 × 10−3 | 1.00 | (0.92–1.08) | 0.978 | 0.07 | 1.02 | (0.95–1.09) | 0.528 | 26.48 | 1.01 | (0.93–1.10) | 0.786 |
Secondary school | 7.65 | 1.00 | (0.94–1.07) | 0.907 | 2.3 × 10−3 | 0.99 | (0.94–1.04) | 0.676 | 0.06 | 0.99 | (0.95–1.03) | 0.597 | 27.42 | 1.00 | (0.95–1.06) | 0.864 |
University graduate | 7.43 | 1.01 | (0.95–1.07) | 0.781 | 2.4 × 10−3 | 1.01 | (0.96–1.06) | 0.632 | 0.06 | 0.99 | (0.95–1.03) | 0.602 | 27.19 | 0.98 | (0.93–1.04) | 0.523 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | ||||||||||||||||
<20 | 7.04 | 1.00 | 2.4 × 10−3 | 1.00 | 0.06 | 1.00 | 25.97 | 1.00 | ||||||||
20–25 | 7.35 | 1.04 | (0.93–1.16) | 0.504 | 2.3 × 10−3 | 0.99 | (0.91–1.08) | 0.846 | 0.07 | 1.05 | (0.97–1.12) | 0.216 | 28.13 | 1.06 | (0.97–1.16) | 0.199 |
25–29 | 7.80 | 1.06 | (0.94–1.20) | 0.319 | 2.4 × 10−3 | 1.03 | (0.94–1.13) | 0.565 | 0.06 | 1.04 | (0.96–1.13) | 0.355 | 26.86 | 1.02 | (0.92–1.13) | 0.655 |
≥30 | 8.15 | 1.09 | (0.94–1.27) | 0.234 | 2.5 × 10−3 | 1.11 | (0.99–1.25) | 0.067 | 0.06 | 1.01 | (0.91–1.11) | 0.887 | 24.35 | 0.91 | (0.80–1.03) | 0.151 |
Parity | ||||||||||||||||
Parous | 7.60 | 1.00 | 2.3 × 10−3 | 1.00 | 0.07 | 1.00 | 28.13 | 1.00 | ||||||||
nuliparous | 7.16 | 0.92 | (0.85–0.99) | 0.030 | 2.5 × 10−3 | 1.13 | (1.06–1.19) | <0.001 | 0.06 | 0.95 | (0.91–1.00) | 0.046 | 24.54 | 0.84 | (0.79–0.90) | <0.001 |
Tobacco consumption | ||||||||||||||||
No | 7.56 | 1.00 | 2.3 × 10−3 | 1.00 | 0.07 | 1.00 | 27.94 | 1.00 | ||||||||
Exsmoker | 7.50 | 1.00 | (0.93–1.07) | 0.908 | 2.4 × 10−3 | 1.01 | (0.95–1.07) | 0.719 | 0.07 | 1.01 | (0.97–1.06) | 0.580 | 27.53 | 1.00 | (0.94–1.06) | 0.974 |
Current smoker | 7.38 | 0.99 | (0.91–1.07) | 0.783 | 2.4 × 10−3 | 1.04 | (0.98–1.11) | 0.208 | 0.06 | 0.96 | (0.91–1.02) | 0.163 | 25.88 | 0.93 | (0.87–0.99) | 0.028 |
Alcohol consumption | ||||||||||||||||
No | 7.26 | 1.00 | 2.5 × 10−3 | 1.00 | 0.07 | 1.00 | 27.08 | 1.00 | ||||||||
<10 g/day | 7.50 | 1.05 | (0.97–1.14) | 0.248 | 2.3 × 10−3 | 0.93 | (0.88–0.99) | 0.026 | 0.06 | 0.97 | (0.92–1.03) | 0.301 | 27.52 | 1.05 | (0.98–1.13) | 0.134 |
≥10 g/day | 7.70 | 1.10 | (0.99–1.23) | 0.076 | 2.4 × 10−3 | 0.90 | (0.83–0.98) | 0.018 | 0.06 | 0.97 | (0.90–1.04) | 0.358 | 26.84 | 1.08 | (0.98–1.18) | 0.120 |
Physical activity (MET-h/week) | ||||||||||||||||
None | 7.49 | 1.00 | 2.5 × 10−3 | 1.00 | 0.06 | 1.00 | 25.92 | 1.00 | ||||||||
≤12 | 7.58 | 1.03 | (0.95–1.11) | 0.539 | 2.4 × 10−3 | 0.95 | (0.90–1.01) | 0.133 | 0.06 | 1.03 | (0.98–1.09) | 0.222 | 27.52 | 1.10 | (1.03–1.17) | 0.006 |
>12 | 7.44 | 0.97 | (0.90–1.05) | 0.476 | 2.3 × 10−3 | 0.96 | (0.90–1.02) | 0.156 | 0.07 | 1.03 | (0.98–1.08) | 0.237 | 28.83 | 1.09 | (1.02–1.16) | 0.008 |
Hypercholesterolemia | ||||||||||||||||
No | 7.56 | 1.00 | 2.0 × 10−3 | 1.00 | 0.06 | 1.00 | 27.22 | 1.00 | ||||||||
Yes, not treated | 6.96 | 0.96 | (0.86–1.06) | 0.414 | 2.4 × 10−3 | 0.98 | (0.90–1.06) | 0.596 | 0.06 | 0.99 | (0.93–1.06) | 0.801 | 25.96 | 1.02 | (0.93–1.11) | 0.708 |
Treated with statins | 7.38 | 0.97 | (0.80–1.19) | 0.794 | 2.0 × 10−3 | 0.88 | (0.75–1.03) | 0.119 | 0.06 | 0.99 | (0.87–1.14) | 0.916 | 31.14 | 1.12 | (0.94–1.33) | 0.200 |
Ever used corticosteroids | ||||||||||||||||
No | 7.53 | 1.00 | 2.4 × 10−3 | 1.00 | 0.06 | 1.00 | 27.24 | 1.00 | ||||||||
Yes | 7.21 | 0.96 | (0.87–1.06) | 0.408 | 2.3 × 10−3 | 0.98 | (0.91–1.06) | 0.701 | 0.06 | 1.01 | (0.94–1.08) | 0.823 | 27.36 | 1.02 | (0.94–1.11) | 0.610 |
Phototype | ||||||||||||||||
I-II | 7.46 | 1.00 | 2.4 × 10−3 | 1.00 | 0.06 | 1.00 | 27.33 | 1.00 | ||||||||
III | 7.73 | 1.02 | (0.89–1.16) | 0.777 | 2.4 × 10−3 | 0.99 | (0.89–1.09) | 0.799 | 0.06 | 1.02 | (0.94–1.11) | 0.659 | 26.93 | 1.04 | (0.93–1.16) | 0.509 |
IV | 7.60 | 1.02 | (0.91–1.15) | 0.693 | 2.3 × 10−3 | 1.00 | (0.91–1.09) | 0.966 | 0.06 | 1.03 | (0.96–1.11) | 0.429 | 27.43 | 1.04 | (0.94–1.15) | 0.412 |
V-VI | 6.99 | 0.93 | (0.82–1.06.) | 0.296 | 2.5 × 10−3 | 1.09 | (0.98–1.20) | 0.106 | 0.07 | 1.02 | (0.94–1.12) | 0.596 | 26.50 | 0.95 | (0.85–1.06) | 0.381 |
Weekly sun exposure score f | ||||||||||||||||
<15 | 7.14 | 1.00 | 2.6 × 10−3 | 1.00 | 0.06 | 1.00 | 24.42 | 1.00 | ||||||||
15–28 | 8.33 | 1.16 | (1.08–1.26) | <0.001 | 2.2 × 10−3 | 0.88 | (0.83–0.93) | <0.001 | 0.06 | 0.98 | (0.93–1.04) | 0.560 | 29.46 | 1.12 | (1.04–1.19) | 0.001 |
29–56 | 7.19 | 1.08 | (0.97–1.19) | 0.153 | 2.0 × 10−3 | 0.82 | (0.76–0.89) | <0.001 | 0.06 | 0.96 | (0.90–1.03) | 0.241 | 32.16 | 1.15 | (1.05–1.25) | 0.002 |
Total energy intake (kcal/day) g | ||||||||||||||||
<1669.2 | 7.75 | 1.00 | 2.3 × 10−3 | 1.00 | 0.06 | 1.00 | 27.82 | 1.00 | ||||||||
1669.2–2144.0 | 7.41 | 0.96 | (0.89–1.04) | 0.277 | 2.3 × 10−3 | 1.04 | (0.97–1.10) | 0.258 | 0.06 | 0.99 | (0.95–1.05) | 0.847 | 27.24 | 0.96 | (0.89–1.02) | 0.196 |
>2144.0 | 7.28 | 0.97 | (0.89–1.05) | 0.430 | 2.5 × 10−3 | 1.13 | (1.05–1.22) | 0.001 | 0.07 | 1.04 | (0.98–1.09) | 0.179 | 26.95 | 0.93 | (0.86–1.00) | 0.066 |
Total calcium intake (mg/day) g | ||||||||||||||||
<892.5 | 7.54 | 1.00 | 2.4 × 10−3 | 1.00 | 0.06 | 1.00 | 26.30 | 1.00 | ||||||||
892.5–1246.9 | 7.39 | 0.98 | (0.91–1.06) | 0.633 | 2.4 × 10−3 | 0.99 | (0.93–1.05) | 0.748 | 0.06 | 1.02 | (0.97–1.08) | 0.401 | 27.26 | 1.03 | (0.96–1.10) | 0.446 |
>1246.9 | 7.50 | 1.03 | (0.95–1.12) | 0.453 | 2.3 × 10−3 | 0.91 | (0.85–0.98) | 0.015 | 0.07 | 1.03 | (0.98–1.09) | 0.211 | 28.49 | 1.12 | (1.03–1.21) | 0.005 |
Total vitamin D intake (µg/day) h | ||||||||||||||||
<5 | 7.39 | 1.00 | 2.4 × 10−3 | 1.00 | 0.06 | 1.00 | 26.81 | 1.00 | ||||||||
≥5 | 7.13 | 0.97 | (0.89–1.05) | 0.384 | 2.4 × 10−3 | 1.01 | (0.95–1.08) | 0.714 | 0.07 | 1.06 | (1.01–1.12) | 0.023 | 28.28 | 1.03 | (0.96–1.11) | 0.377 |
Supplements intake | 9.11 | 1.21 | (1.08–1.35) | 0.001 | 2.0 × 10−3 | 0.86 | (0.79–0.93) | <0.001 | 0.06 | 0.96 | (0.89–1.03) | 0.226 | 29.77 | 1.10 | (1.01–1.21) | 0.038 |
Season e | ||||||||||||||||
Spring | 7.17 | 0.98 | (0.94–1.04) | 0.546 | 2.3 × 10−3 | 0.94 | (0.91–0.98) | 0.003 | 0.06 | 0.86 | (0.83–0.88) | <0.001 | 24.22 | 0.91 | (0.87–0.95) | <0.001 |
Summer | 7.15 | 0.93 | (0.86–1.01) | 0.078 | 2.0 × 10−3 | 0.95 | (0.90–1.01) | 0.129 | 0.07 | 1.05 | (1.00–1.11) | 0.043 | 33.53 | 1.12 | (1.05–1.20) | 0.001 |
Fall | 8.29 | 1.08 | (1.02–1.14) | 0.005 | 2.4 × 10−3 | 0.99 | (0.95–1.03) | 0.701 | 0.07 | 1.14 | (1.10–1.19) | <0.001 | 31.71 | 1.15 | (1.10–1.20) | <0.001 |
Winter | 7.23 | 1.01 | (0.94–1.08) | 0.820 | 2.8 × 10−3 | 1.12 | (1.06–1.18) | <0.001 | 0.06 | 0.97 | (0.93–1.01) | 0.149 | 22.81 | 0.86 | (0.81–0.91) | <0.001 |
R1: 25(OH)D3/Vit D3 | R2: 1,25(OH)2D3/25(OH)D3 | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
25(OH)D3 ≤ 50 nmol/L | 25(OH)D3 > 50 nmol/L | 25(OH)D3 ≤ 50 nmol/L | 25(OH)D3 > 50 nmol/L | |||||||||||||||
Characteristics | GM | GMR a | 95%CI | p-Val | GM | GMR a | 95%CI | p-Val | P-Het b | GM | GMR c | 95%CI | P-Val | GM | GMR c | 95%CI | p-Val | P-Het b |
Age | 0.444 | 0.698 | ||||||||||||||||
<45 | 6.25 | 1.00 | 10.27 | 1.00 | 3.0 × 10−3 | 1.00 | 1.7 × 10−3 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
≥45 | 5.88 | 0.97 | (0.89–1.05) | 0.397 | 10.03 | 1.03 | (0.96–1.11) | 0.408 | 3.0 × 10−3 | 1.02 | (0.97–1.07) | 0.538 | 1.7 × 10−3 | 0.99 | (0.93–1.05) | 0.802 | ||
Educational level d | 0.962 | 0.273 | ||||||||||||||||
Primary school or less | 5.99 | 0.99 | (0.87–1.12) | 0.840 | 10.05 | 0.99 | (0.88–1.11) | 0.856 | 3.2 × 10−3 | 1.06 | (0.97–1.15) | 0.199 | 1.6 × 10−3 | 0.95 | (0.86–1.04) | 0.271 | ||
Secondary school | 6.06 | 0.99 | (0.92–1.07) | 0.878 | 10.22 | 0.99 | (0.92–1.06) | 0.674 | 3.0 × 10−3 | 0.98 | (0.93–1.03) | 0.403 | 1.7 × 10−3 | 1.03 | (0.97–1.09) | 0.301 | ||
University graduate | 6.10 | 1.02 | (0.95–1.10) | 0.610 | 10.12 | 1.03 | (0.96–1.10) | 0.459 | 3.0 × 10−3 | 0.97 | (0.92–1.02) | 0.183 | 1.7 × 10−3 | 1.02 | (0.97–1.08) | 0.421 | ||
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 0.867 | 0.565 | ||||||||||||||||
<20 | 5.83 | 1.00 | 9.28 | 1.00 | 3.0 × 10−3 | 1.00 | 1.7 × 10−3 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
20–25 | 5.91 | 1.05 | (0.92–1.20) | 0.453 | 9.84 | 1.00 | (0.89–1.13) | 0.992 | 3.0 × 10−3 | 1.00 | (0.91–1.09) | 0.946 | 1.7 × 10−3 | 0.97 | (0.87–1.07) | 0.491 | ||
25–29 | 6.43 | 1.11 | (0.95–1.28) | 0.184 | 10.87 | 1.10 | (0.96–1.26) | 0.164 | 3.0 × 10−3 | 1.01 | (0.92–1.11) | 0.867 | 1.6 × 10−3 | 0.92 | (0.82–1.03) | 0.155 | ||
≥30 | 6.46 | 1.14 | (0.95–1.36) | 0.153 | 11.92 | 1.16 | (0.97–1.38) | 0.098 | 3.2 × 10−3 | 1.08 | (0.96–1.21) | 0.179 | 1.7 × 10−3 | 1.01 | (0.87–1.17) | 0.895 | ||
Parity | 0.113 | 0.827 | ||||||||||||||||
Parous | 6.06 | 1.00 | 10.24 | 1.00 | 3.0 × 10−3 | 1.00 | 1.7 × 10−3 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
nuliparous | 6.11 | 1.02 | (0.94–1.12) | 0.588 | 9.81 | 0.93 | (0.85–1.02) | 0.142 | 3.1 × 10−3 | 1.06 | (1.00–1.12) | 0.042 | 1.7 × 10−3 | 1.05 | (0.97–1.13) | 0.254 | ||
Tobacco consumption | 0.953 | 0.819 | ||||||||||||||||
No | 6.16 | 1.00 | 10.12 | 1.00 | 2.9 × 10−3 | 1.00 | 1.7 × 10−3 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
Exsmoker | 6.11 | 0.97 | (0.89–1.07) | 0.577 | 9.97 | 0.99 | (0.91–1.07) | 0.801 | 3.0 × 10−3 | 1.04 | (0.98–1.10) | 0.223 | 1.7 × 10−3 | 1.01 | (0.94–1.08) | 0.781 | ||
Current smoker | 5.92 | 0.99 | (0.90–1.09) | 0.888 | 10.48 | 1.02 | (0.93–1.12) | 0.627 | 3.1 × 10−3 | 1.04 | (0.98–1.11) | 0.206 | 1.7 × 10−3 | 1.01 | (0.93–1.09) | 0.804 | ||
Alcohol consumption | 0.371 | 0.409 | ||||||||||||||||
No | 6.02 | 1.00 | 10.18 | 1.00 | 3.0 × 10−3 | 1.00 | 1.7 × 10−3 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
<10 g/day | 6.06 | 1.04 | (0.94–1.14) | 0.453 | 10.05 | 0.96 | (0.87–1.06) | 0.396 | 3.0 × 10−3 | 0.99 | (0.93–1.05) | 0.761 | 1.7 × 10−3 | 0.93 | (0.86–1.00) | 0.066 | ||
≥10 g/day | 6.14 | 1.06 | (0.93–1.21) | 0.379 | 10.61 | 1.06 | (0.93–1.20) | 0.369 | 2.9 × 10−3 | 0.95 | (0.88–1.04) | 0.285 | 1.7 × 10−3 | 0.93 | (0.83–1.03) | 0.182 | ||
Physical activity (MET-h/week) | 0.418 | 0.959 | ||||||||||||||||
None | 6.05 | 1.00 | 10.84 | 1.00 | 3.1 × 10−3 | 1.00 | 1.7 × 10−3 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
≤12 | 6.39 | 1.02 | (0.93–1.13) | 0.630 | 9.89 | 0.95 | (0.86–1.04) | 0.236 | 2.9 × 10−3 | 0.98 | (0.92–1.04) | 0.448 | 1.7 × 10−3 | 0.98 | (0.91–1.06) | 0.687 | ||
>12 | 5.88 | 0.93 | (0.85–1.03) | 0.157 | 9.68 | 0.91 | (0.83–0.99) | 0.031 | 3.0 × 10−3 | 1.01 | (0.95–1.07) | 0.860 | 1.7 × 10−3 | 1.00 | (0.93–1.07) | 0.932 | ||
Hypercholesterolemia | 0.318 | 0.068 | ||||||||||||||||
No | 6.16 | 1.00 | 10.17 | 1.00 | 3.0 × 10−3 | 1.00 | 1.7 × 10−3 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
Yes, not treated | 5.51 | 0.93 | (0.82–1.05) | 0.244 | 10.05 | 1.06 | (0.94–1.19) | 0.374 | 3.1 × 10−3 | 1.01 | (0.94–1.10) | 0.737 | 1.7 × 10−3 | 0.91 | (0.82–1.01) | 0.064 | ||
Treated with statins | 5.68 | 0.98 | (0.76–1.25) | 0.846 | 9.59 | 0.94 | (0.75–1.17) | 0.562 | 3.0 × 10−3 | 0.98 | (0.83–1.16) | 0.825 | 1.3 × 10−3 | 0.79 | (0.65–0.95) | 0.013 | ||
Ever used corticosteroids | 0.027 | 0.545 | ||||||||||||||||
No | 6.16 | 1.00 | 10.12 | 1.00 | 3.0 × 10−3 | 1.00 | 1.7 × 10−3 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
Yes | 5.47 | 0.86 | (0.76–0.98) | 0.024 | 10.45 | 1.06 | (0.95–1.19) | 0.271 | 3.0 × 10−3 | 0.98 | (0.90–1.06) | 0.636 | 1.6 × 10−3 | 1.02 | (0.93–1.12) | 0.682 | ||
Phototype | 0.540 | 0.605 | ||||||||||||||||
I-II | 6.07 | 1.00 | 9.95 | 1.00 | 3.0 × 10−3 | 1.00 | 1.7 × 10−3 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
III | 6.31 | 1.02 | (0.87–1.21) | 0.772 | 10.96 | 1.15 | (0.99–1.33) | 0.067 | 2.9 × 10−3 | 0.96 | (0.86–1.07) | 0.440 | 1.6 × 10−3 | 0.91 | (0.80–1.03) | 0.135 | ||
IV | 6.15 | 1.02 | (0.88–1.18) | 0.807 | 10.02 | 1.06 | (0.94–1.20) | 0.336 | 3.0 × 10−3 | 1.00 | (0.91–1.10) | 0.960 | 1.7 × 10−3 | 0.97 | (0.88–1.08) | 0.624 | ||
V-VI | 5.77 | 0.97 | (0.82–1.14) | 0.673 | 9.79 | 1.05 | (0.91–1.22) | 0.496 | 3.1 × 10−3 | 1.06 | (0.96–1.18) | 0.261 | 1.7 × 10−3 | 0.97 | (0.86–1.10) | 0.645 | ||
Weekly sun exposure score e | 0.023 | 0.013 | ||||||||||||||||
<15 | 5.95 | 1.00 | 11.05 | 1.00 | 3.2 × 10−3 | 1.00 | 1.7 × 10−3 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
15–28 | 6.45 | 1.07 | (0.97–1.18) | 0.182 | 10.84 | 1.09 | (0.99–1.20) | 0.078 | 2.8 × 10−3 | 0.94 | (0.88–1.00) | 0.036 | 1.6 × 10−3 | 0.98 | (0.91–1.07) | 0.682 | ||
29–56 | 5.87 | 0.99 | (0.88–1.13) | 0.910 | 8.30 | 1.00 | (0.89–1.13) | 0.951 | 2.6 × 10−3 | 0.88 | (0.81–0.95) | 0.001 | 1.6 × 10−3 | 0.96 | (0.87–1.07) | 0.482 | ||
Total energy intake (kcal/day) f | 0.504 | 0.625 | ||||||||||||||||
<1669.2 | 6.39 | 1.00 | 10.14 | 1.00 | 3.0 × 10−3 | 1.00 | 1.6 × 10−3 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
1669.2–2144.0 | 5.91 | 0.95 | (0.86–1.04) | 0.270 | 10.16 | 0.99 | (0.91–1.08) | 0.811 | 2.9 × 10−3 | 1.00 | (0.94–1.07) | 0.938 | 1.7 × 10−3 | 1.03 | (0.95–1.11) | 0.463 | ||
>2144.0 | 5.90 | 0.96 | (0.87–1.06) | 0.435 | 10.16 | 1.00 | (0.92–1.10) | 0.935 | 3.0 × 10−3 | 1.05 | (0.98–1.14) | 0.170 | 1.8 × 10−3 | 1.14 | (1.04–1.24) | 0.004 | ||
Total calcium intake (mg/day) f | 0.234 | 0.713 | ||||||||||||||||
<892.5 | 6.36 | 1.00 | 9.85 | 1.00 | 3.0 × 10−3 | 1.00 | 1.7 × 10−3 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
892.5–1246.9 | 5.89 | 0.93 | (0.85–1.03) | 0.165 | 10.03 | 1.00 | (0.92–1.09) | 0.988 | 3.0 × 10−3 | 1.03 | (0.96–1.09) | 0.405 | 1.7 × 10−3 | 1.00 | (0.93–1.08) | 0.968 | ||
>1246.9 | 5.92 | 0.97 | (0.88–1.07) | 0.570 | 10.58 | 1.07 | (0.97–1.17) | 0.156 | 2.9 × 10−3 | 0.97 | (0.91–1.05) | 0.475 | 1.7 × 10−3 | 0.91 | (0.83–0.99) | 0.033 | ||
Total vitamin D intake (µg/day) g | 0.974 | 0.282 | ||||||||||||||||
<5 | 6.04 | 1.00 | 10.04 | 1.00 | 3.0 × 10−3 | 1.00 | 1.7 × 10−3 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
≥5 | 5.84 | 0.98 | (0.90–1.08) | 0.752 | 9.77 | 0.98 | (0.89–1.08) | 0.666 | 3.0 × 10−3 | 1.01 | (0.95–1.08) | 0.742 | 1.7 × 10−3 | 0.98 | (0.91–1.07) | 0.719 | ||
Supplements intake | 6.95 | 1.16 | (1.00–1.35) | 0.047 | 11.57 | 1.12 | (0.99–1.25) | 0.064 | 2.8 × 10−3 | 0.97 | (0.88–1.06) | 0.478 | 1.5 × 10−3 | 0.87 | (0.79–0.96) | 0.007 | ||
Season d | <0.001 | 0.020 | ||||||||||||||||
Spring | 5.90 | 0.98 | (0.92–1.05) | 0.605 | 9.58 | 0.94 | (0.89–0.99) | 0.032 | 2.9 × 10−3 | 0.94 | (0.90–0.98) | 0.004 | 1.7 × 10−3 | 0.97 | (0.92–1.02) | 0.193 | ||
Summer | 6.12 | 1.01 | (0.92–1.12) | 0.781 | 8.00 | 0.80 | (0.74–0.87) | <0.001 | 2.6 × 10−3 | 0.94 | (0.88–1.01) | 0.074 | 1.6 × 10−3 | 1.00 | (0.93–1.07) | 0.941 | ||
Fall | 6.33 | 1.01 | (0.94–1.08) | 0.795 | 11.91 | 1.12 | (1.05–1.19) | <0.001 | 3.0 × 10−3 | 1.03 | (0.98–1.07) | 0.250 | 1.7 × 10−3 | 0.99 | (0.94–1.05) | 0.798 | ||
Winter | 6.01 | 0.99 | (0.92–1.07) | 0.864 | 12.04 | 1.19 | (1.09–1.29) | <0.001 | 3.3 × 10−3 | 1.10 | (1.05–1.15) | <0.001 | 1.8 × 10−3 | 1.04 | (0.97–1.12) | 0.266 |
R3: 24,25(OH)2D3/25(OH)D3 | R4: 24,25(OH)2D3/1,25(OH)2D3 | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
25(OH)D3 ≤ 50 nmol/L | 25(OH)D3 > 50 nmol/L | 25(OH)D3 ≤ 50 nmol/L | 25(OH)D3 > 50 nmol/L | |||||||||||||||
Characteristics | GM | GMR a | 95%CI | p-Val | GM | GMR a | 95%CI | p-Val | P-Het b | GM | GMR c | 95%CI | p-Val | GM | GMR c | 95%CI | p-Val | P-Het b |
Age | 0.543 | 0.406 | ||||||||||||||||
<45 | 0.07 | 1.00 | 0.06 | 1.00 | 23.48 | 1.00 | 36.88 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
≥45 | 0.07 | 0.93 | (0.88–0.99) | 0.020 | 0.06 | 0.94 | (0.89–1.00) | 0.048 | 21.41 | 0.92 | (0.86–0.98) | 0.008 | 34.95 | 0.95 | (0.89–1.03) | 0.197 | ||
Educational level d | 0.078 | 0.455 | ||||||||||||||||
Primary school or less | 0.07 | 1.08 | (0.98–1.19) | 0.123 | 0.06 | 0.95 | (0.87–1.04) | 0.266 | 22.52 | 1.01 | (0.91–1.13) | 0.825 | 34.45 | 1.00 | (0.89–1.13) | 0.971 | ||
Secondary school | 0.07 | 0.95 | (0.90–1.01) | 0.117 | 0.06 | 1.05 | (0.99–1.11) | 0.112 | 22.06 | 0.98 | (0.91–1.04) | 0.486 | 35.92 | 1.02 | (0.95–1.09) | 0.635 | ||
University graduate | 0.07 | 0.97 | (0.92–1.03) | 0.319 | 0.06 | 1.01 | (0.95–1.06) | 0.819 | 22.70 | 1.01 | (0.95–1.08) | 0.73 | 36.11 | 0.98 | (0.91–1.05) | 0.578 | ||
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 0.297 | 0.248 | ||||||||||||||||
<20 | 0.06 | 1.00 | 0.06 | 1.00 | 20.78 | 1.00 | 36.01 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
20–25 | 0.07 | 1.11 | (1.00–1.22) | 0.047 | 0.06 | 0.98 | (0.89–1.08) | 0.719 | 23.38 | 1.11 | (0.99–1.24) | 0.066 | 36.00 | 1.01 | (0.89–1.14) | 0.913 | ||
25–29 | 0.07 | 1.07 | (0.96–1.19) | 0.235 | 0.06 | 0.99 | (0.88–1.10) | 0.790 | 22.15 | 1.06 | (0.94–1.20) | 0.321 | 37.39 | 1.06 | (0.92–1.22) | 0.446 | ||
≥30 | 0.07 | 1.03 | (0.90–1.18) | 0.673 | 0.06 | 0.97 | (0.84–1.12) | 0.658 | 20.46 | 0.95 | (0.81–1.10) | 0.461 | 32.39 | 0.95 | (0.79–1.13) | 0.553 | ||
Parity | 0.895 | 0.792 | ||||||||||||||||
Parous | 0.07 | 1.00 | 0.06 | 1.00 | 23.06 | 1.00 | 36.56 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
nuliparous | 0.06 | 0.94 | (0.88–1.00) | 0.047 | 0.06 | 0.93 | (0.86–1.00) | 0.053 | 20.98 | 0.89 | (0.83–0.95) | 0.001 | 33.59 | 0.89 | (0.81–0.98) | 0.022 | ||
Tobacco consumption | 0.994 | 0.949 | ||||||||||||||||
No | 0.07 | 1.00 | 0.06 | 1.00 | 23.17 | 1.00 | 36.46 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
Exsmoker | 0.07 | 1.02 | (0.96–1.09) | 0.517 | 0.06 | 1.01 | (0.94–1.08) | 0.845 | 22.43 | 0.99 | (0.92–1.06) | 0.478 | 36.54 | 0.99 | (0.92–1.08) | 0.868 | ||
Current smoker | 0.07 | 0.96 | (0.89–1.03) | 0.228 | 0.06 | 0.96 | (0.89–1.03) | 0.265 | 21.64 | 0.93 | (0.86–1.00) | 0.064 | 34.44 | 0.95 | (0.86–1.04) | 0.251 | ||
Alcohol consumption | 0.161 | 0.211 | ||||||||||||||||
No | 0.07 | 1.00 | 0.06 | 1.00 | 23.25 | 1.00 | 35.61 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
<10 g/day | 0.07 | 0.97 | (0.91–1.05) | 0.492 | 0.06 | 1.01 | (0.93–1.09) | 0.898 | 22.77 | 1.00 | (0.92–1.08) | 0.911 | 35.70 | 1.09 | (0.99–1.20) | 0.084 | ||
≥10 g/day | 0.06 | 0.93 | (0.85–1.03) | 0.171 | 0.06 | 1.07 | (0.96–1.19) | 0.204 | 21.83 | 0.98 | (0.88–1.09) | 0.688 | 35.91 | 1.16 | (1.01–1.33) | 0.032 | ||
Physical activity (MET-h/week) | 0.791 | 0.848 | ||||||||||||||||
None | 0.07 | 1.00 | 0.06 | 1.00 | 21.85 | 1.00 | 34.81 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
≤12 | 0.07 | 1.04 | (0.96–1.12) | 0.334 | 0.06 | 1.05 | (0.97–1.13) | 0.218 | 22.88 | 1.08 | (1.00–1.17) | 0.064 | 36.71 | 1.07 | (0.97–1.17) | 0.168 | ||
>12 | 0.07 | 1.03 | (0.96–1.10) | 0.410 | 0.06 | 1.07 | (1.00–1.14) | 0.067 | 23.20 | 1.04 | (0.96–1.12) | 0.312 | 36.77 | 1.06 | (0.97–1.16) | 0.165 | ||
Hypercholesterolemia | 0.621 | 0.070 | ||||||||||||||||
No | 0.07 | 1.00 | 0.06 | 1.00 | 22.52 | 1.00 | 35.84 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
Yes, not treated | 0.07 | 0.99 | (0.91–1.09) | 0.913 | 0.06 | 0.97 | (0.88–1.07) | 0.566 | 21.61 | 0.99 | (0.89–1.09) | 0.785 | 34.68 | 1.07 | (0.94–1.21) | 0.303 | ||
Treated with statins | 0.07 | 0.94 | (0.78–1.14) | 0.547 | 0.06 | 1.08 | (0.90–1.29) | 0.427 | 22.20 | 0.95 | (0.77–1.17) | 0.650 | 43.67 | 1.37 | (1.09–1.73) | 0.006 | ||
Ever used corticosteroids | 0.804 | 0.717 | ||||||||||||||||
No | 0.07 | 1.00 | 0.06 | 1.00 | 22.52 | 1.00 | 35.95 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
Yes | 0.07 | 1.01 | (0.92–1.11) | 0.828 | 0.06 | 1.01 | (0.93–1.10) | 0.797 | 22.26 | 1.03 | (0.92–1.14) | 0.624 | 36.15 | 0.99 | (0.88–1.10) | 0.809 | ||
Phototype | 0.677 | 0.943 | ||||||||||||||||
I-II | 0.07 | 1.00 | 0.06 | 1.00 | 22.41 | 1.00 | 36.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
III | 0.07 | 1.03 | (0.91–1.16) | 0.637 | 0.06 | 0.97 | (0.87–1.10) | 0.657 | 23.07 | 1.07 | (0.94–1.23) | 0.308 | 35.08 | 1.07 | (0.92–1.24) | 0.399 | ||
IV | 0.07 | 1.03 | (0.92–1.15) | 0.569 | 0.06 | 1.03 | (0.93–1.13) | 0.618 | 22.38 | 1.03 | (0.91–1.17) | 0.608 | 35.76 | 1.05 | (0.92–1.19) | 0.468 | ||
V-VI | 0.07 | 1.02 | (0.90–1.15) | 0.765 | 0.06 | 0.99 | (0.88–1.11) | 0.811 | 22.34 | 0.97 | (0.84–1.11) | 0.608 | 35.84 | 1.02 | (0.88–1.19) | 0.794 | ||
Weekly sun exposure score e | 0.172 | 0.508 | ||||||||||||||||
<15 | 0.07 | 1.00 | 0.06 | 1.00 | 21.43 | 1.00 | 33.42 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
15–28 | 0.07 | 1.03 | (0.95–1.10) | 0.503 | 0.06 | 0.99 | (0.92–1.07) | 0.879 | 24.02 | 1.09 | (1.01–1.19) | 0.029 | 36.36 | 1.02 | (0.92–1.12) | 0.743 | ||
29–56 | 0.07 | 0.98 | (0.89–1.08) | 0.704 | 0.06 | 0.97 | (0.88–1.07) | 0.510 | 24.97 | 1.09 | (0.99–1.21) | 0.086 | 38.40 | 1.02 | (0.90–1.15) | 0.803 | ||
Total energy intake (kcal/day) f | 0.432 | 0.250 | ||||||||||||||||
<1669.2 | 0.07 | 1.00 | 0.06 | 1.00 | 22.67 | 1.00 | 36.98 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
1669.2–2144.0 | 0.07 | 0.98 | (0.92–1.05) | 0.630 | 0.06 | 1.00 | (0.94–1.08) | 0.895 | 22.38 | 0.98 | (0.90–1.06) | 0.606 | 35.82 | 0.97 | (0.89–1.07) | 0.555 | ||
>2144.0 | 0.07 | 1.05 | (0.97–1.13) | 0.211 | 0.06 | 1.02 | (0.95–1.10) | 0.575 | 23.16 | 1.01 | (0.91–1.11) | 0.872 | 34.28 | 0.89 | (0.80–0.99) | 0.033 | ||
Total calcium intake (mg/day) f | 0.983 | 0.879 | ||||||||||||||||
<892.5 | 0.07 | 1.00 | 0.06 | 1.00 | 22.21 | 1.00 | 34.35 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
892.5–1246.9 | 0.07 | 1.03 | (0.96–1.10) | 0.466 | 0.06 | 1.04 | (0.97–1.11) | 0.322 | 22.21 | 0.98 | (0.91–1.07) | 0.708 | 35.88 | 1.04 | (0.95–1.14) | 0.378 | ||
>1246.9 | 0.07 | 1.04 | (0.96–1.12) | 0.342 | 0.06 | 1.05 | (0.97–1.13) | 0.215 | 23.85 | 1.04 | (0.95–1.14) | 0.381 | 36.89 | 1.18 | (1.05–1.31) | 0.004 | ||
Total vitamin D intake (µg/day) g | 0.783 | 0.229 | ||||||||||||||||
<5 | 0.07 | 1.00 | 0.06 | 1.00 | 22.50 | 1.00 | 35.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
≥5 | 0.07 | 1.07 | (0.99–1.15) | 0.069 | 0.06 | 1.04 | (0.96–1.12) | 0.352 | 23.77 | 1.04 | (0.95–1.13) | 0.380 | 37.21 | 1.05 | (0.95–1.16) | 0.364 | ||
Supplements intake | 0.06 | 0.96 | (0.86–1.07) | 0.466 | 0.06 | 0.98 | (0.90–1.08) | 0.739 | 22.56 | 0.98 | (0.87–1.11) | 0.790 | 37.98 | 1.13 | (1.00–1.27) | 0.042 | ||
Season d | 0.002 | 0.637 | ||||||||||||||||
Spring | 0.06 | 0.85 | (0.81–0.89) | <0.001 | 0.05 | 0.88 | (0.84–0.92) | <0.001 | 20.26 | 0.90 | (0.86–0.95) | <0.001 | 31.54 | 0.90 | (0.85–0.96) | 0.001 | ||
Summer | 0.07 | 1.00 | (0.92–1.07) | 0.914 | 0.07 | 1.14 | (1.06–1.22) | <0.001 | 25.08 | 1.07 | (0.98–1.16) | 0.134 | 41.33 | 1.14 | (1.04–1.24) | 0.003 | ||
Fall | 0.08 | 1.20 | (1.14–1.26) | <0.001 | 0.07 | 1.09 | (1.04–1.15) | 0.001 | 26.74 | 1.17 | (1.10–1.23) | <0.001 | 39.88 | 1.10 | (1.04–1.17) | 0.002 | ||
Winter | 0.07 | 0.98 | (0.93–1.04) | 0.509 | 0.06 | 0.92 | (0.86–0.98) | 0.017 | 20.38 | 0.89 | (0.84–0.95) | <0.001 | 31.15 | 0.88 | (0.81–0.97) | 0.006 |
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Toribio, M.J.; Priego-Capote, F.; Pérez-Gómez, B.; Fernández de Larrea-Baz, N.; Ruiz-Moreno, E.; Castelló, A.; Lucas, P.; Sierra, M.Á.; Pino, M.N.; Martínez-Cortés, M.; et al. Factors Associated with Serum Vitamin D Metabolites and Vitamin D Metabolite Ratios in Premenopausal Women. Nutrients 2021, 13, 3747. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13113747
Toribio MJ, Priego-Capote F, Pérez-Gómez B, Fernández de Larrea-Baz N, Ruiz-Moreno E, Castelló A, Lucas P, Sierra MÁ, Pino MN, Martínez-Cortés M, et al. Factors Associated with Serum Vitamin D Metabolites and Vitamin D Metabolite Ratios in Premenopausal Women. Nutrients. 2021; 13(11):3747. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13113747
Chicago/Turabian StyleToribio, María José, Feliciano Priego-Capote, Beatriz Pérez-Gómez, Nerea Fernández de Larrea-Baz, Emma Ruiz-Moreno, Adela Castelló, Pilar Lucas, María Ángeles Sierra, Marina Nieves Pino, Mercedes Martínez-Cortés, and et al. 2021. "Factors Associated with Serum Vitamin D Metabolites and Vitamin D Metabolite Ratios in Premenopausal Women" Nutrients 13, no. 11: 3747. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13113747
APA StyleToribio, M. J., Priego-Capote, F., Pérez-Gómez, B., Fernández de Larrea-Baz, N., Ruiz-Moreno, E., Castelló, A., Lucas, P., Sierra, M. Á., Pino, M. N., Martínez-Cortés, M., Luque de Castro, M. D., Lope, V., & Pollán, M. (2021). Factors Associated with Serum Vitamin D Metabolites and Vitamin D Metabolite Ratios in Premenopausal Women. Nutrients, 13(11), 3747. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13113747