Association of BMI, Diet, Physical Activity, and Oral Hygiene Practices with DMFT Index of Male Dental Students at King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | BMI Categories (Kg/m2) | |||||
Underweight | Normal | Overweight | Obese | Total | p-Value | |
6 (3.2) | 101 (54.6) | 60 (32.4) | 18 (9.7) | 185 (100) | ||
17.83 ± 0.41 | 22.73 ± 1.31 | 27.38 ± 0.98 | 31.61 ± 1.11 | 24.94 ± 3.36 | <0.001 | |
Age (Years) | 22.33 ± 2.58 | 22.28 ± 2.03 | 22.38 ± 2.28 | 22.29 ± 2.13 | 22.29 ± 2.13 | 0.931 |
Age group 1 (19–22 years) | 3 (50) | 50 (49.5) | 27 (45) | 11 (61) | 91 (49.2) | 0.694 |
Age group 2 (23–26 years) | 3 (50) | 51 (50.5) | 33 (55) | 7 (38.9) | 94 (50.8) | |
BDS Year of Education | ||||||
Year 1 | 1 (16.7) | 15 (14.9) | 10 (16.7) | 4 (22.2) | 30 (16.2) | 0.827 |
Year 2 | 1 (16.7) | 14 (13.9) | 9 (15.0) | 1 (5.6) | 25 (13.5) | |
Year 3 | 0 | 15 (14.9) | 6 (10.0) | 5 (27.8) | 26 (14.1) | |
Year 4 | 2 (33.3) | 15 (14.9) | 6 (10.0) | 1 (5.6) | 24 (13.0) | |
Year 5 | 1 (16.7) | 30 (29.7) | 20 (33.3) | 5 (27.8) | 56 (30.3) | |
Internees | 1 (16.7) | 12 (11.9) | 9 (15.0) | 2 (11.1) | 24 (13) | |
Sibling | ||||||
5/1 | 4 (66.7) | 60 (59.4) | 34 (56.7) | 8 (44.4) | 106 (57.3) | 0.216 |
10/6 | 1 (16.7) | 39 (38.6) | 22 (36.7) | 10 (55.6) | 72 (38.9) | |
>10 | 1 (16.7) | 2 (2.0) | 4 (6.7) | 0 | 7 (3.8) | |
Father Education | ||||||
No Education | 3 (50) | 27 (26.7) | 3 (5.0) | 0 | 33 (17.8) | <0.001 |
School level | 0 | 9 (8.9) | 15 (25) | 9 (50) | 33 (17.8) | |
College level | 0 | 17 (16.8) | 15 (25) | 6 (33.3) | 38 (20.5) | |
University level | 3 (50) | 48 (47.5) | 27 (45) | 3 (16.7) | 81 (43.8) | |
Mother Education | ||||||
No Education | 3 (50) | 36 (35.6) | 21 (35) | 0 | 60 (32.4) | <0.001 |
School level | 3 (50) | 21 (20.8) | 21 (35) | 15 (83.3) | 60 (32.4) | |
College level | 0 | 9 (8.9) | 0 | 0 | 9 (4.9) | |
University level | 0 | 35 (34.7) | 18 (30) | 3 (16.7) | 56 (30.3) | |
Father Occupation | ||||||
Government Service | 6 (100) | 62 (61.4) | 36 (60) | 15 (83.3) | 119 (64.3) | 0.013 |
Private Service | 0 | 15 (25.0) | 15 (25) | 0 | 30 (16.2) | |
Business | 0 | 15 (14.9) | 9 (15) | 0 | 24 (13.0) | |
Others | 0 | 9 (8.9) | 0 | 3 (16.7) | 12 (6.5) | |
Mother Occupation | ||||||
Government Service | 0 | 29 (28.7) | 12 (20) | 0 | 41 (22.2) | 0.077 |
Private Service | 0 | 3 (3) | 3 (5) | 0 | 6 (3.2) | |
Business | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Others (house wife) | 6 (100) | 69 (68.3) | 45 (75) | 18 (100) | 138 (74.6) | |
Family Income | ||||||
<10,000 | 3 (50) | 27 (26.7) | 12 (20) | 0 | 42 (22.7) | |
10,001–20,000 | 3 (50) | 42 (41.6) | 33 (55) | 18 (100) | 96 (51.9) | 0.001 |
20,000–30,000 | 0 | 26 (25.7) | 9 (15) | 0 | 35 (18.9) | |
>30,000 | 0 | 6 (5.9) | 6 (10) | 0 | 12 (6.5) |
BMI Categories (Kg/m2) | |||||
Variables | Underweight | Normal | Overweight | Obese | p-Value |
6 (3.2) | 101 (54.6) | 60 (32.4) | 18 (9.7) | ||
Frequency of main meals | |||||
1 meal /day | 0 | 12 (11.9) | 3 (5) | 0 | 0.034 |
2 meals/day | 0 | 41 (40.6) | 18 (30) | 6 (33.3) | |
3 meals / day | 6 (100) | 48 (47.5) | 36 (60) | 12 (66.7) | |
>3 meals/day | 0 | 0 | 3 (5) | 0 | |
Use of Snacks in between meals | 6 (100) | 98 (97) | 60 (100) | 15(83.3) | 0.006 |
Raw vegetables | 3 (50) | 63 (62.4) | 27 (45) | 6(33.3) | 0.048 |
Fruits | 6 (100) | 77 (76.2) | 48 (80) | 12 (66.7) | 0.347 |
Nuts | 0 | 56 (55.4) | 36 (60) | 15 (83.3) | 0.004 |
Eggs | 3 (50) | 48 (47.5) | 36 (36.4) | 12 (66.7) | 0.289 |
Yogurt plain | 3 (50) | 51 (50.5) | 42 (70) | 15 (83.3) | 0.014 |
Yogurt fruit | 6 (100) | 24 (23.8) | 9 (15) | 0 | 0.047 |
Chocolate | 3 (50) | 83 (82.2) | 48 (80) | 18 (100) | 0.04 |
Smoothies | 0 | 42 (41.6) | 15 (25) | 9 (50) | 0.024 |
Cheese | 3 (50) | 48 (47.5) | 42 (70) | 12 (66.7) | 0.035 |
Ice cream | 3 (50) | 57 (56.4) | 36 (60) | 18 (100) | 0.005 |
Popcorn | 0 | 36 (35.6) | 21 (35) | 3 (16.7) | 0.134 |
Candy | 0 | 30 (29.7) | 42 (70) | 18 (100) | 0 |
Soft drink | 0 | 50 (49.5) | 48 (80) | 18 (100) | 0 |
Juice | 6 (100) | 65 (64.4) | 42 (70) | 15 (83.3) | 0.139 |
Chips | 3 (50) | 50 (49.5) | 33 (55) | 18 (100) | 0.001 |
Use of Drinks | |||||
Lemon Juice | 3 (50) | 42 (41.6) | 33 (55) | 3 (16.7) | 0.033 |
Orange Juice | 0 | 9 (8.9) | 6 (10) | 3 (16.7) | 0.634 |
Green tea with sugar | 0 | 9 (8.9) | 9 (15) | 3 (16.7) | 0.446 |
Green tea without sugar | 0 | 29 (28.7) | 12 (20) | 3 (16.7) | 0.24 |
Black Coffee with sugar | 0 | 3 (3) | 15(25) | 3 (16.7) | 0 |
Black Coffee without sugar | 3 (50) | 62 (61.4) | 24 (40) | 12 (66.7) | 0.043 |
Arabic tea non-sugary | 0 | 59 (58.4) | 30 (50) | 9 (50) | 0.041 |
Soft drinks | 0 | 47 (46.5) | 51 (85) | 15 (83.3) | 0 |
Hold drink in mouth (yes) | 6 (100) | 53 (52.3) | 21 (35) | 18 (100) | 0 |
Hold for <1 min | 3 (50) | 53 (52.3) | 21 (35) | 3 (16.7) | 0.015 |
Hold for >1 min | 3 (50) | 48 (47.5) | 39 (65) | 15 (83.3) | |
Frequency of Sweets | |||||
Chocolate bar | 3 (50) | 77 (76.2) | 54 (90) | 18 (100) | 0.004 |
Candy | 3 (50) | 36 (35.6) | 42 (70) | 18 (100) | 0 |
Dates | 6 (100) | 77 (76.5) | 51 (85) | 18 (100) | 0.047 |
Other sweets | 0 | 3 (3) | 6 (10) | 3 (16.7) | 0.08 |
Physical Activity on week days | |||||
None | 3 (50) | 6 (5.9) | 18 (30) | 12 (66.7) | 0 |
<30 min | 0 | 24 (23.8) | 18 (30) | 6 (30.3) | |
>30 min | 3 (50) | 71 (70.3) | 24 (40) | 0 | |
Physical Activity on week end | |||||
None | 0 | 3 (3) | 18 (30) | 3 (16.7) | 0 |
<30 min | 3 (50) | 18 (17.8) | 12 (20) | 9 (50) | |
>30 min | 3 (50) | 80 (79.2) | 30 (50) | 6 (33.3) | |
Watch TV, Play Video games on week days | |||||
None | 0 | 23 (22.8) | 6 (10) | 3 (16.7) | 0.025 |
<30 min | 3 (50) | 24 (23.8) | 12 (20) | 15 (83.3) | |
>30 min | 3 (50) | 54 (53.5) | 42 (70) | 0 | |
Watch TV, Play Video games on week end | |||||
None | 0 | 14 (13.9) | 0 | 0 | 0.02 |
<30 min | 0 | 21 (20.8) | 12 (20) | 3 (16.7) | |
>30 min | 6 (100) | 66 (65.3) | 48 (80) | 15 (83.3) | |
Use Sugar free chew gum | 3 (50) | 44 (43.6) | 36 (60) | 9 (50) | 0.254 |
BMI Categories (Kg/m2) | |||||
Variables | Underweight | Normal | Overweight | Obese | p-Value |
6 (3.2) | 101 (54.6) | 60 (32.4) | 18 (9.7) | ||
Tooth Brushing | |||||
None | 0 | 0 | 3 (5) | 0 | 0 |
Once daily | 0 | 23 (22.8) | 36 (60) | 15 (83.3) | |
Twice daily | 3 (50) | 63 (62.4) | 18 (30) | 3 (16.7) | |
>Twice daily | 3 (50) | 15 (14.9) | 3 (5) | 0 | |
Miswak | |||||
None | 6 | 57 (56.4) | 39 (65) | 9 (50) | 0.242 |
Daily | 0 | 3 (3) | 3 (5) | 0 | |
Occasionally | 0 | 41 (40.6) | 18 (30) | 9 (50) | |
Brushing Technique | |||||
Bass | 0 | 0 | 6 (10) | 0 | 0 |
Modified Bass | 6 (100) | 95 (94.1) | 36 (60) | 12 (66.7) | |
Stillman | 0 | 0 | 3 (5) | 0 | |
Modified Stillman | 0 | 0 | 9 (15) | 0 | |
Charters | 0 | 3 (3) | 3 (5) | 3 (16.7) | |
Rolling | 0 | 3 (3) | 3 (3) | 0 | |
Horizontal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 (16.70 | |
Type of Toothpaste | |||||
Fluoridated | 6 (100) | 92 (91.1) | 48 (80) | 12 (66.7) | 0.003 |
Non-fluoridated | 0 | 3 (3) | 0 | 0 | |
Anti-sensitive | 0 | 3 (3) | 3 (5) | 0 | |
Others | 0 | 0 | 3 (5) | 0 | |
Do not know | 0 | 3 (3) | 6 (10) | 6 (33.3) | |
Type of Tooth brush | |||||
Extra-soft | 3 (50) | 15 (14.9) | 9 (15) | 0 | 0 |
Soft | 3 (50) | 45 (44.6) | 39 (65) | 3 (16.7) | |
Medium | 0 | 35 (34.7) | 12 (20) | 15 (83.3) | |
Electric | 0 | 6 (5.9) | 0 | 0 | |
Brush Change time | |||||
Once in 3 months | 6 (100) | 50 (45) | 27 (45) | 6 (33.3) | 0.001 |
Once in 6 months | 0 | 45 (44.6) | 30 (50) | 6 (33.3) | |
Once in year | 0 | 6 (5.9) | 3 (5) | 6 (66.3) | |
Interdental Cleaning Aid Name | |||||
Flossing | 3 (50) | 18 (17.8) | 15 (25) | 18 (100) | 0 |
Wooden toothpick | 0 | 44 (43.6) | 21 (35) | 0 | |
Plastic toothpick with floss | 0 | 6 (5.9) | 6 (10) | 0 | |
Water-pick | 0 | 6 (5.9) | 3 (5) | 0 | |
Interdental brush | 3 (50) | 27 (26.7) | 15 (25) | 0 | |
Use Mouthwash | |||||
None | 3 (50) | 42 (41.6) | 24 (40) | 6 (33.3) | 0.415 |
Once daily | 0 | 15 (14.9) | 6 (10) | 0 | |
Occasionally | 3 (50) | 44 (43.6) | 30 (50) | 12 (66.7) | |
Dental Visit | |||||
Every 3 months | 0 | 12 (11.9) | 3 (5) | 0 | 0 |
Every 6 months | 6 (100) | 42 (41.6) | 15 (25) | 0 | |
Every year | 0 | 20 (19.8) | 18 (30) | 3 (16.7) | |
Only when required | 0 | 24 (23.8) | 24 (40) | 15 (83.3) | |
Never | 0 | 3 (3) | 0 | 0 |
Model | Unstandardized Coefficients | Standardized Coefficients | t | Sig. | 95.0% Confidence Interval for B | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | Std. Error | Beta | Lower Bound | Upper Bound | |||
BMI & Decayed teeth | 0.228 | 0.045 | 0.353 | 5.112 | 0.000 | 0.140 | 0.315 |
BMI & Missing Teeth | 0.049 | 0.032 | 0.112 | 1.523 | 0.676 | 0.014 | 0.112 |
BMI & Filled Teeth | 0.118 | 0.055 | 0.157 | 2.154 | 0.033 | 0.010 | 0.225 |
BMI & DMFT | 0.394 | 0.082 | 0.336 | 4.822 | 0.000 | 0.233 | 0.555 |
Decayed (Yes/No) | Missing (Yes/No) | Filled (Yes/No) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | n | Adjusted OR | n | Adjusted OR | n | Adjusted OR |
(C.I. 95%) | (C.I. 95%) | (C.I. 95%) | ||||
BMI | ||||||
Underweight and Normal weight # | 77/30 | 1.41(0.5–3.50) | 27/80 | 3.99(1.80–8.82) ** | 75/32 | 9.23(2.30–37.03) ** |
Overweight and Obese | 63/15 | 45/33 | 75/3 | |||
Toothbrush time | ||||||
1 time daily # | 65/12 | 0.90(0.3–2.30) | 39/38 | 1.23(0.54–2.81) | 69/8 | 0.75(0.26–2.14) |
≥2 times daily | 75/33 | 33/75 | 81/27 | |||
Toothbrush type | ||||||
Extra or soft # | 78/39 | 6.05(2.1–16.9) ** | 45/72 | 1.06(0.49–2.26) | 99/18 | 0.48(0.20–1.14) |
Medium or hard | 62/6 | 27/41 | 51/17 | |||
Fluoridated toothpaste | ||||||
Yes # | 119/42 | 0.17(0.02–0.10) | 60/101 | 0.38(0.13–1.13) | 129/32 | 0.42(0.07–2.30) |
Other | 21/3 | 12/12 | 21/3 | |||
Interdental cleaning | ||||||
Dental floss # | 63/3 | 0.14(0.01–0.25) ** | 42/24 | 0.17(0.07–0.37) ** | 60/6 | 0.33(0.10–1.10) |
Other | 77/42 | 30/89 | 90/29 | |||
Socioeconomic Status | ||||||
Father Education (Yes) # | 122/30 | 3.38(1.53–7.79) * | 60/92 | 1.14(0.05–2.49) | 126/26 | 1.81(0.75–4.33) |
Mother Education (Yes) # | 92/33 | 0.89(0.68–1.16) | 45/80 | 6.68(0.36–1.28) | 99/26 | 0.67(0.29–1.54) |
Father Occupation (Yes) # | 140/45 | 0.92(0.65–1.31) | 72/113 | 1.18(0.86–1.61) | 150/35 | 0.73(0.51–1.05) |
Mother Occupation (Yes) # | 32/15 | 0.59(0.28–1.23) | 9/38 | 0.28(0.17–0.62) ** | 33/14 | 0.45(0.19–0.92) ** |
Family Income (>10,000) # | 116/27 | 3.22(1.53–6.75) * | 54/89 | 0.80(0.40–1.62) | 120/23 | 2.08(0.93–4.68) |
Frequency of Sweets | ||||||
Chocolate bar (Yes) # | 116/36 | 1.20(0.51–2.83) | 60/92 | 1.14(0.52–2.49) | 120/32 | 0.37(0.10–1.30) |
Candy (Yes) # | 78/12 | 3.46(1.65–7.25) ** | 54/36 | 6.14(3.30–12.46) * | 78/12 | 2.07(0.96–4.46) |
Dates (Yes) # | 125/27 | 5.55(2.49–12.30) ** | 60/92 | 1.10(0.50–2.10) | 132/20 | 5.50(2.39–12.62) |
Other sweets (Yes) # | 9/3 | 0.96(0.24–3.71) | 6/6 | 1.62(0.50–5.23) | 12/10 | ---- |
Physical Activity (Moderate Level) | ||||||
On weekdays (Yes) # | 110/36 | 0.91(0.39–2.10) | 45/101 | 0.19(0.09–0.42) ** | 114/32 | 0.29(0.08–1.02) |
On weekend (Yes) # | 128/33 | 3.8(1.59–9.41) ** | 63/92 | 1.07(0.44–2.59) | 129/32 | 0.57(0.16–2.05) |
Watch TV play videogames | ||||||
On weekdays (Yes) # | 111/42 | 0.27(0.07–0.94) ** | 69/84 | 7.94(2.32–27.80) | 129/24 | 2.81(1.20–6.58) ** |
On weekend (Yes) # | 126/45 | 0.15(0.05–0.74) | 72/99 | 0.21(0.11–0.38) | 138/33 | 0.69(0.14–3.24) |
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Jouhar, R.; Ahmed, M.A.; Khurshid, Z.; Bokhari, S.A.H. Association of BMI, Diet, Physical Activity, and Oral Hygiene Practices with DMFT Index of Male Dental Students at King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa. Nutrients 2021, 13, 224. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13010224
Jouhar R, Ahmed MA, Khurshid Z, Bokhari SAH. Association of BMI, Diet, Physical Activity, and Oral Hygiene Practices with DMFT Index of Male Dental Students at King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa. Nutrients. 2021; 13(1):224. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13010224
Chicago/Turabian StyleJouhar, Rizwan, Muhammad Adeel Ahmed, Zohaib Khurshid, and Syed Akhtar Hussain Bokhari. 2021. "Association of BMI, Diet, Physical Activity, and Oral Hygiene Practices with DMFT Index of Male Dental Students at King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa" Nutrients 13, no. 1: 224. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13010224