Body Composition Changes after a Weight Loss Intervention: A 3-Year Follow-Up Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design
2.2. Patient and Public Involvement
2.3. Procedures
2.4. Diet Intervention
2.5. Exercise Intervention
2.6. Control Group
2.7. Outcome Measures
2.8. Primary Outcomes
2.9. Secondary Outcomes
2.10. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group | Pre (95% CI) | Post (95% CI) | 3 Years (95% CI) | p-Group | η2 | p-Time | η2 | p-Interaction | η2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Body Weight (kg) | S | 92.3 (2.0) (88.3–96.3) | 83.7 (2.0) (79.8–87.65) | 89.1 (2.5) (84.1–94.1) | 0.019 | 0.102 | 0.139 | 0.024 | 0.435 | 0.029 |
E | 85.9 (2.0) (81.8–89.9) | 77.0 (2.0) (73.0–80.9) | 83.8 (2.5) (78.8–88.9) | |||||||
SE | 83.3 (2.2) (79.0–87.7) | 74.4 (2.2) (70.1–78.7) | 78.6 (2.7) (73.1–84.1) | |||||||
C | 86.8 (1.9) (82.9–90.6) | 79.0 (1.9) (75.2–82.7) | 85.5 (2.4) (80.7–90.3) | |||||||
Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | S | 31.6 (0.5) (30.6–32.6) | 29.0 (0.5) (27.9–30.0) | 30.7 (0.7) (29.3–32.1) | 0.002 | 0.150 | 0.102 | 0.029 | 0.382 | 0.033 |
E | 30.4 (0.5) (29.5–31.4) | 27.3 (0.5) (26.3–28.4) | 29.8 (0.7) (28.4–31.2) | |||||||
SE | 29.0 (0.5) (27.9–30.0) | 25.9 (0.6) (24.7–27.1) | 27.4 (0.8) (25.9–28.9) | |||||||
C | 30.7 (0.5) (29.8–31.6) | 28.1 (0.5) (27.1–29.1) | 30.4 (0.7) (29.1–31.8) | |||||||
Fat Mass (%) | S | 41.5 (0.9) (39.8–43.3) | 36.1 † (1.0) (34.0–38.1) | 40.1 § (1.3) (37.6–42.7) | 0.001 | 0.187 | 0.586 | 0.004 | 0.017 | 0.116 |
E | 40.5 (0.9) (38.7–42.3) | 35.2 † (1.0) (33.1–37.2) | 40.6 § (1.3) (38.1–43.1) | |||||||
SE | 38.1 (1.0) (36.1–40.0) | 31.0 ¶,◊,#,† (1.1) (28.8–33.3) | 33.6 ¶,◊,#,¥ (1.4) (30.8–36.3) | |||||||
C | 41.5 (0.9) (39.7–43.2) | 36.6 † (1.0) (34.5–38.6) | 40.9 § (1.3) (38.4–43.4) | |||||||
Fat Mass (kg) | S | 36.3 (1.3) (33.8–38.9) | 28.7 (1.3) (26.1–31.2) | 33.9 (1.9) (30.1–37.6) | 0.005 | 0.144 | 0.282 | 0.015 | 0.238 | 0.047 |
E | 33.0 (1.3) (30.4–35.5) | 26.2 (1.3) (23.7–28.8) | 33.4 (1.9) (29.6–37.1) | |||||||
SE | 29.9 (1.4) (27.1–32.7) | 22.0 (1.4) (19.2–24.9) | 25.8 (2.1) (21.7–29.9) | |||||||
C | 34.0 (1.3) (31.5–36.6) | 27.8 (1.3) (25.2–30.3) | 33.1 (1.9) (29.4–36.8) | |||||||
Fat-Free Mass (kg) | S | 51.7 (1.1) (49.5–53.8) | 51.5 (1.1) (49.3–53.7) | 50.7 (1.2) (48.3–53.1) | 0.198 | 0.055 | <0.001 | 0.144 | 0.205 | 0.054 |
E | 48.7 (1.1) (46.6–50.9) | 48.5 (1.1) (46.3–50.7) | 48.3 (1.2) (45.9–50.7) | |||||||
SE | 49.1 (1.2) (46.7–51.5) | 49.1 (1.2) (46.6–51.5) | 49.6 (1.3) (47.0–52.3) | |||||||
C | 48.5 (1.1) (46.4–50.7) | 47.7 (1.1) (45.4–49.9) | 48.1 (1.2) (45.7–50.5) |
Pre | Post | 3 Years | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group | Freq. (%) | Mean (SD) | Freq. (%) | Mean (SD) | Freq. (%) | Mean (SD) | ||||||||
Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | Normal Weight (20–24.9) | S | - | - | 2 | (7.4) | 23.7 | (0.3) | 2 | (18.2) | 24.2 | (0.5) | ||
E | - | - | 6 | (22.2) | 23.5 | (0.8) | - | - | ||||||
SE | - | - | 13 | (48.2) | 23.9 | (0.7) | 7 | (63.6) | 23.6 | (1.2) | ||||
C | - | - | 6 | (22.2) | 23.6 | (1.2) | 2 | (18.2) | 24.3 | (0.6) | ||||
Overweight (25–29.9) | S | 21 | (23.9) | 28.8 | (1.1) | 30 | (27.3) | 27.7 | (1.2) | 9 | (23.6) | 28.2 | (1.1) | |
E | 26 | (29.5) | 28.4 | (1.3) | 36 | (32.7) | 27.3 | (1.4) | 13 | (34.2) | 27.5 | (1.1) | ||
SE | 23 | (26.1) | 27.8 | (1.2) | 20 | (18.2) | 27.3 | (1.4) | 8 | (21.1) | 27.3 | (1.2) | ||
C | 18 | (20.5) | 28.3 | (1.3) | 24 | (21.8) | 27.4 | (1.1) | 8 | (21.1) | 27.9 | (1.5) | ||
Obese (30–34.9) | S | 21 | (23.1) | 32.5 | (1.6) | 9 | (24.3) | 31.9 | (1.9) | 14 | (29.2) | 33.2 | (2.1) | |
E | 25 | (27.5) | 32.4 | (1.8) | 9 | (24.3) | 31.2 | (0.8) | 12 | (25.0) | 32.5 | (3.1) | ||
SE | 23 | (25.3) | 32.9 | (2.0) | 11 | (29.7) | 32.5 | (1.9) | 6 | (12.5) | 32.0 | (1.7) | ||
C | 22 | (24.1) | 32.5 | (1.7) | 8 | (21.7) | 32.2 | (2.3) | 16 | (33.3) | 32.8 | (2.3) | ||
Fat Mass (%) | Normal Fat (♂ < 25%; ♀ < 30%) | S | - | - | 4 | (22.2) | 22.0 | (1.7) | 2 | (22.2) | 22.9 | (0.9) | ||
E | - | - | 5 | (27.8) | 24.4 | (0.3) | - | - | ||||||
SE | - | - | 7 | (38.9) | 21.7 | (3.6) | 6 | (66.7) | 19.2 | (5.8) | ||||
C | - | - | 2 | (11.1) | 22.5 | (2.1) | 1 | (11.1) | 23.9 | |||||
Overfat (♂ < 25%; ♀ < 30%) | S | 43 | (23.9) | 41.2 | (6.2) | 39 | (24.7) | 37.5 | (5.7) | 21 | (26.3) | 42.1 | (5.9) | |
E | 51 | (28.3) | 41.3 | (6.0) | 44 | (27.8) | 37.8 | (5.6) | 24 | (30.0) | 40.0 | (7.4) | ||
SE | 46 | (25.6) | 40.5 | (7.3) | 38 | (24.1) | 36.7 | (7.2) | 13 | (16.3) | 38.0 | (7.9) | ||
C | 40 | (22.2) | 41.2 | (5.4) | 37 | (23.4) | 37.2 | (5.8) | 22 | (27.4) | 43.0 | (6.0) |
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Rojo-Tirado, M.A.; Benito, P.J.; Ruiz, J.R.; Ortega, F.B.; Romero-Moraleda, B.; Butragueño, J.; Bermejo, L.M.; Castro, E.A.; Gómez-Candela, C. Body Composition Changes after a Weight Loss Intervention: A 3-Year Follow-Up Study. Nutrients 2021, 13, 164. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13010164
Rojo-Tirado MA, Benito PJ, Ruiz JR, Ortega FB, Romero-Moraleda B, Butragueño J, Bermejo LM, Castro EA, Gómez-Candela C. Body Composition Changes after a Weight Loss Intervention: A 3-Year Follow-Up Study. Nutrients. 2021; 13(1):164. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13010164
Chicago/Turabian StyleRojo-Tirado, Miguel A., Pedro J. Benito, Jonatan R. Ruiz, Francisco B. Ortega, Blanca Romero-Moraleda, Javier Butragueño, Laura M. Bermejo, Eliane A. Castro, and Carmen Gómez-Candela. 2021. "Body Composition Changes after a Weight Loss Intervention: A 3-Year Follow-Up Study" Nutrients 13, no. 1: 164. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13010164