Impact of Meal Timing and Chronotype on Food Reward and Appetite Control in Young Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Development of Diurnal Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire and Test Meal
2.2. Laboratory Study Design
2.3. Participants
2.4. Measurements
2.4.1. Initial Session
2.4.2. Habitual Energy Intake
2.4.3. Test Meal Sessions
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Participant Characteristics
3.2. Subjective Appetite Sensations by Meal Timing and Chronotype
3.3. Test Meal Ratings by Meal Timing and Chronotype
3.4. Food Reward by Meal Timing and Chronotype
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Food | AM Appropr. Mean ± SD | PM Appropr. Mean ± SD | E% Protein | E% CHO | E% Fat | Energy Density (kcal/100 g) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
High-Fat Savory | Cashews | 46 ± 32 | 75 ± 18 | 13.7 | 13.8 | 70.2 | 642 |
Croissant, ham & cheese | 79 ± 24 | 51 ± 23 | 17.3 | 25.3 | 54.9 | 345 | |
Sausage roll | 51 ± 33 | 67 ± 20 | 10.4 | 22.3 | 64.9 | 361 | |
Sausage sandwich | 80 ± 24 | 62 ± 23 | 24.4 | 22.8 | 50.1 | 279 | |
Mean | 65 | 62 | 16.5 | 21.1 | 60.0 | 407 | |
Low-Fat Savory | Beans on toast | 81 ± 22 | 74 ± 21 | 19.1 | 66.5 | 4.6 | 122 |
Bread roll | 76 ± 26 | 80 ± 18 | 13.2 | 69.8 | 9.8 | 258 | |
Rice cake | 57 ± 32 | 67 ± 23 | 8.5 | 77.0 | 6.5 | 386 | |
Rye crackers (plain) | 61 ± 34 | 67 ± 23 | 9.7 | 71.7 | 4.4 | 350 | |
Mean | 68 | 71 | 12.6 | 71.2 | 6.3 | 279 | |
High-Fat Sweet | Blueberry muffin | 59 ± 31 | 64 ± 22 | 5.5 | 44.1 | 46.4 | 367 |
Cinnamon swirl pastry | 69 ± 27 | 53 ±25 | 4.9 | 37.7 | 53.8 | 445 | |
Crepe with cream | 76 ± 28 | 59 ± 24 | 4.6 | 16.1 | 79.3 | 263 | |
Flapjack | 57 ± 29 | 69 ± 21 | 4.9 | 48.3 | 41.4 | 435 | |
Mean | 65 | 60 | 5.0 | 36.6 | 55.2 | 377 | |
Low-Fat Sweet | Dried apricots | 75 ± 27 | 73 ± 21 | 8.8 | 75.8 | 3.0 | 178 |
Red grapes | 82 ± 24 | 86 ± 17 | 2.4 | 87.5 | 1.4 | 66 | |
Banana | 91 ± 13 | 82 ± 20 | 4.7 | 83.7 | 4.4 | 103 | |
Light chocolate granola bar | 83 ± 19 | 60 ± 22 | 5.8 | 61.1 | 16.2 | 344 | |
Mean | 83 | 75 | 5.4 | 77.0 | 6.3 | 173 |
All (N = 44) | Early Chronotype (N = 22) | Late Chronotype (N = 22) | |
---|---|---|---|
Weight (kg) | 72.9 ± 11.4 | 73.4 ± 10.3 | 72.4 ± 12.7 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.5 ± 3.2 | 24.1 ± 2.7 | 24.9 ± 3.6 |
Body fat (%) | 27.7 ± 8.3 | 27.3 ± 8.4 | 28.2 ± 8.4 |
Hip circumference (cm) | 98.4 ± 6.9 | 99.2 ± 4.8 | 97.6 ± 8.6 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 84.3 ± 7.9 | 84.2 ± 6.2 | 84.3 ± 9.4 |
Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.86 ± 0.06 | 0.85 ± 0.07 | 0.86 ± 0.06 |
MEQ score | 48 ± 9 | 55 ± 5 | 40 ± 6 * |
TFEQ Restraint | 7 ± 4 | 6 ± 3 | 8 ± 5 |
TFEQ Disinhibition | 8 ± 3 | 7 ± 3 | 8 ± 3 |
TFEQ Hunger | 7 ± 3 | 7 ± 3 | 7 ± 3 |
Energy intake (kcal/day) 1 | 1791 ± 663 | 1843 ± 681 | 1737 ± 659 |
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Beaulieu, K.; Oustric, P.; Alkahtani, S.; Alhussain, M.; Pedersen, H.; Quist, J.S.; Færch, K.; Finlayson, G. Impact of Meal Timing and Chronotype on Food Reward and Appetite Control in Young Adults. Nutrients 2020, 12, 1506. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051506
Beaulieu K, Oustric P, Alkahtani S, Alhussain M, Pedersen H, Quist JS, Færch K, Finlayson G. Impact of Meal Timing and Chronotype on Food Reward and Appetite Control in Young Adults. Nutrients. 2020; 12(5):1506. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051506
Chicago/Turabian StyleBeaulieu, Kristine, Pauline Oustric, Shaea Alkahtani, Maha Alhussain, Hanne Pedersen, Jonas Salling Quist, Kristine Færch, and Graham Finlayson. 2020. "Impact of Meal Timing and Chronotype on Food Reward and Appetite Control in Young Adults" Nutrients 12, no. 5: 1506. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051506