Prospective Association between Whole Grain Consumption and Hypertension: The Furukawa Nutrition and Health Study
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Procedure
2.2. Participants
2.3. Definition of Hypertension
2.4. Assessment of Dietary Intakes
2.5. Assessment of Other Health-Related Variables
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Forouzanfar, M.H.; Liu, P.; Roth, G.A.; Ng, M.; Biryukov, S.; Marczak, L.; Alexander, L.; Estep, K.; Hassen Abate, K.; Akinyemiju, T.F.; et al. Global burden of hypertension and systolic blood pressure of at least 110 to 115 mm Hg, 1990–2015. JAMA 2017, 317, 165–182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- World Health Organization. Hypertension. Available online: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hypertension (accessed on 1 February 2020).
- Schwingshackl, L.; Schwedhelm, C.; Hoffmann, G.; Knuppel, S.; Iqbal, K.; Andriolo, V.; Bechthold, A.; Schlesinger, S.; Boeing, H. Food groups and risk of hypertension: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Adv. Nutr. 2017, 8, 793–803. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Millen, B.E.; Abrams, S.; Adams-Campbell, L.; Anderson, C.A.; Brenna, J.T.; Campbell, W.W.; Clinton, S.; Hu, F.; Nelson, M.; Neuhouser, M.L. The 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee scientific report: Development and major conclusions. Adv. Nutr. 2016, 7, 438–444. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Micha, R.; Khatibzadeh, S.; Shi, P.; Andrews, K.G.; Engell, R.E.; Mozaffarian, D. Global, regional and national consumption of major food groups in 1990 and 2010: A systematic analysis including 266 country-specific nutrition surveys worldwide. BMJ Open 2015, 5, e008705. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Miki, T.; Eguchi, M.; Kuwahara, K.; Kochi, T.; Akter, S.; Kashino, I.; Hu, H.; Kurotani, K.; Kabe, I.; Kawakami, N.; et al. Breakfast consumption and the risk of depressive symptoms: The Furukawa Nutrition and Health Study. Psychiatry Res. 2019, 273, 551–558. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kobayashi, S.; Murakami, K.; Sasaki, S.; Okubo, H.; Hirota, N.; Notsu, A.; Fukui, M.; Date, C. Comparison of relative validity of food group intakes estimated by comprehensive and brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaires against 16 d dietary records in Japanese adults. Public Health Nutr. 2011, 14, 1200–1211. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kobayashi, S.; Honda, S.; Murakami, K.; Sasaki, S.; Okubo, H.; Hirota, N.; Notsu, A.; Fukui, M.; Date, C. Both comprehensive and brief self-administered diet history questionnaires satisfactorily rank nutrient intakes in Japanese adults. J. Epidemiol. 2012, 22, 151–159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Science and Technology Agency. Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan, 5th Revised and Enlarged ed.; Printing Bureau of the Ministry of Finance: Tokyo, Japan, 2005. (In Japanese)
- Akter, S.; Eguchi, M.; Kurotani, K.; Kochi, T.; Pham, N.M.; Ito, R.; Kuwahara, K.; Tsuruoka, H.; Mizoue, T.; Kabe, I.; et al. High dietary acid load is associated with increased prevalence of hypertension: The Furukawa Nutrition and Health Study. Nutrition 2015, 31, 298–303. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Esmaillzadeh, A.; Mirmiran, P.; Azizi, F. Whole-grain consumption and the metabolic syndrome: A favorable association in Tehranian adults. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2005, 59, 353–362. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ogawa, Y.; Shobako, N.; Fukuhara, I.; Satoh, H.; Kobayashi, E.; Kusakari, T.; Suwa, M.; Matsumoto, M.; Ishikado, A. Rice bran supplement containing a functional substance, the novel peptide Leu-Arg-Ala, has anti-hypertensive effects: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Nutrients 2019, 11, 726. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shobako, N.; Ishikado, A.; Ogawa, Y.; Sono, Y.; Kusakari, T.; Suwa, M.; Matsumoto, M.; Ohinata, K. Vasorelaxant and antihypertensive effects that are dependent on the endothelial NO system exhibited by rice bran-derived tripeptide. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2019, 67, 1437–1442. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ardiansyah; Shirakawa, H.; Koseki, T.; Ohinata, K.; Hashizume, K.; Komai, M. Rice bran fractions improve blood pressure, lipid profile, and glucose metabolism in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2006, 54, 1914–1920. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jan-On, G.; Sangartit, W.; Pakdeechote, P.; Kukongviriyapan, V.; Sattayasai, J.; Senaphan, K.; Kukongviriyapan, U. Virgin rice bran oil alleviates hypertension through the upregulation of eNOS and reduction of oxidative stress and inflammation in L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats. Nutrition 2020, 69, 110575. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ma, P.; Li, T.; Ji, F.; Wang, H.; Pang, J. Effect of GABA on blood pressure and blood dynamics of anesthetic rats. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med. 2015, 8, 14296–14302. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Marques, F.Z.; Nelson, E.; Chu, P.Y.; Horlock, D.; Fiedler, A.; Ziemann, M.; Tan, J.K.; Kuruppu, S.; Rajapakse, N.W.; El-Osta, A.; et al. High-Fiber Diet and Acetate Supplementation Change the Gut Microbiota and Prevent the Development of Hypertension and Heart Failure in Hypertensive Mice. Circulation 2017, 135, 964–977. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Frequency of Whole Grain Intake | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Never | Rarely | Sometimes or Always | ptrend1) | |
No. of participants | 530 | 221 | 193 | |
Age, years (mean ± SD) | 39.7 ± 8.7 | 39.4 ± 8.8 | 40.9 ± 8.0 | 0.18 |
Females, % | 10.6 | 11.3 | 15.0 | 0.12 |
Work site (survey in April 2012), % | 56.0 | 52.9 | 44.6 | 0.01 |
Smoking status (current), % | 34.9 | 28.1 | 21.8 | <0.001 |
Physical activity during work, housework, or commuting to work (≥20 METs-hours/day), % | 28.3 | 19.5 | 12.4 | <0.001 |
Leisure-time physical activity (≥10 METs-hours/week), % | 24.9 | 30.3 | 34.2 | 0.01 |
Body mass index (mean ± SD), kg/m2 | 22.4 ± 2.8 | 23.0 ± 3.2 | 22.4 ± 2.6 | 0.02 |
Night or rotating shift work (yes), % | 26.8 | 13.6 | 8.8 | <0.001 |
Overtime work (≥30 hours/month), % | 24.5 | 26.2 | 26.9 | 0.47 |
Alcohol consumption (current), % 2) | 52.5 | 47.1 | 53.9 | 0.97 |
Dietary nutrient and food intake (mean ± SD) | ||||
Total energy, kcal/day | 1753 ± 484 | 1854 ± 482 | 1781 ± 444 | 0.02 |
Carbohydrate, % energy | 55.3 ± 8.1 | 55.3 ± 7.4 | 53.6 ± 7.8 | 0.03 |
Fat, % energy | 23.7 ± 5.7 | 24.1 ± 4.8 | 25.1 ± 5.6 | 0.01 |
Protein, % energy | 13.4 ± 2.6 | 13.9 ± 2.3 | 14.2 ± 2.2 | <0.001 |
Sodium, mg/1000 kcal | 2300 ± 473 | 2322 ± 436 | 2282 ± 401 | 0.66 |
Vegetables, g/1000 kcal | 108.5 ± 59.9 | 129.4 ± 69.4 | 138.4 ± 71.7 | <0.001 |
Fruits, g/1000 kcal | 36.4 ± 44.1 | 48.4 ± 48.7 | 51.5 ± 52.2 | <0.001 |
Pulses, g/1000 kcal | 24.2 ± 20.1 | 25.4 ± 17.5 | 29.7 ± 19.9 | 0.004 |
Meats, g/1000 kcal | 39.9 ± 18.2 | 39.4 ± 18.5 | 38.8 ± 16.2 | 0.76 |
Dairy, g/1000 kcal | 47.9 ± 51.8 | 48.1 ± 43.5 | 62.7 ± 53.0 | 0.002 |
Soft drinks, g/1000 kcal | 52.1 ± 80.0 | 41.6 ± 51.0 | 32.2 ± 51.5 | 0.003 |
Rice, g/1000 kcal | 186.3 ± 67.0 | 188.5 ± 60.3 | 172.8 ± 68.0 | 0.03 |
Bread, g/1000 kcal | 22.5 ± 18.9 | 20.1 ± 15.0 | 22.0 ± 17.9 | 0.25 |
Noodles, g/1000 kcal | 44.4 ± 31.5 | 43.6 ± 27.4 | 41.4 ± 26.8 | 0.49 |
Frequency of Whole Grain Intake | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Never | Rarely | Sometimes or Always | ptrend1) | ||||
Participants (n) | 530 | 221 | 193 | ||||
Cases (n) | 57 | 24 | 8 | ||||
Adjusted odds ratios (95% CI) | |||||||
Model 12) | 1.00 | (Reference) | 1.04 | (0.62–1.75) | 0.35 | (0.16–0.77) | 0.02 |
Model 23) | 1.00 | (Reference) | 1.02 | (0.57–1.83) | 0.36 | (0.16–0.83) | 0.04 |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Kashino, I.; Eguchi, M.; Miki, T.; Kochi, T.; Nanri, A.; Kabe, I.; Mizoue, T. Prospective Association between Whole Grain Consumption and Hypertension: The Furukawa Nutrition and Health Study. Nutrients 2020, 12, 902. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12040902
Kashino I, Eguchi M, Miki T, Kochi T, Nanri A, Kabe I, Mizoue T. Prospective Association between Whole Grain Consumption and Hypertension: The Furukawa Nutrition and Health Study. Nutrients. 2020; 12(4):902. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12040902
Chicago/Turabian StyleKashino, Ikuko, Masafumi Eguchi, Takako Miki, Takeshi Kochi, Akiko Nanri, Isamu Kabe, and Tetsuya Mizoue. 2020. "Prospective Association between Whole Grain Consumption and Hypertension: The Furukawa Nutrition and Health Study" Nutrients 12, no. 4: 902. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12040902
APA StyleKashino, I., Eguchi, M., Miki, T., Kochi, T., Nanri, A., Kabe, I., & Mizoue, T. (2020). Prospective Association between Whole Grain Consumption and Hypertension: The Furukawa Nutrition and Health Study. Nutrients, 12(4), 902. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12040902