Mild to Moderate Iodine Deficiency and Inadequate Iodine Intake in Lactating Women in the Inland Area of Norway
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Study Design
2.3. Etichs
2.4. Collection of Human Milk and Urine Samples
2.5. Chemical Analysis
2.6. Iodine Intake From Food and Supplements
2.7. Assessment of Iodine Knowledge
2.8. Definitions
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participant Characteristics
3.2. Calculated Habitual and 24-h Iodine Intake
3.3. Iodine Knowledge Scores and Association with HMIC and Iodine Intake
3.4. Predictors of Human Milk iodine concentration
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | N (%) | |
---|---|---|
Maternal age | Mean (SD), min–max | 31.4 (4.6) 20–42 |
Marital status | Single | 1 (1) |
Cohabiting | 82 (61.2) | |
Married | 48 (35.8) | |
In a relationship | 2 (2) | |
Country of origin | Norway | 120 (90) |
Other (11 different countries) | 13 (10) | |
Pre pregnancy, BMI, kg/m2 | < 18.5 | 4 (3) |
18.5–24.9 | 93 (70) | |
25–30 | 21 (16) | |
> 30 | 15 (11) | |
BMI by inclusion, kg/m2 | < 18.5 | 4 (3) |
18.5–24.9 | 83 (62) | |
25–30 | 30 (23) | |
> 30 | 16 (12) | |
Planning new pregnancy | Yes | 54 (41) |
Pregnant now | Yes | 2 (2) |
Infants age, in months 1 | 1–4 | 54 (41) |
5–7 months | 27 (20) | |
8–11 months | 35 (26) | |
12–13 months | 17 (13) | |
Educational level | <12 years | 6 (5) |
12 years | 19 (15) | |
1–4 years college/university | 52 (39) | |
>4 years college/university | 56 (42) | |
Smoking status | Never smoked | 103 (77) |
Smoked before pregnancy | 27 (20) | |
Occasionally during pregnancy | 0 | |
Daily smoker during pregnancy 2 | 3 (2) | |
Dietary supplement use | Any supplement (FFQ) | 76 (57) |
Iodine-containing supplement past 24-h | 30 (23) | |
Adhering to a vegetarian or vegan diet | 6 (4) | |
Diet includes dairy | No | 9 (7) |
Occasionally | 22 (16) | |
Yes, daily | 103 (77) | |
Self-reported hypothyroidism, no use of thyroid medication | 2 (2) |
Iodine Intakes | Median | P25 1 | P75 2 | Mean ± SD |
---|---|---|---|---|
Habitual iodine intake from food, µg/day | 35 | 20 | 52 | 40 ± 26 |
Total habitual iodine intake, µg /day | 42 | 28 | 86 | 75 ± 73 |
The 24-h iodine intake from iodine rich foods only, µg /day | 23 | 15 | 38 | 42 ± 44 |
Total 24-h iodine intake, µg /day | 32 | 16 | 160 | 78 ± 79 |
Dependent Variable | Predictor Variables | Unstandardized Beta | P | Standardized Beta | 95% CI Beta |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
HMIC µg/L, | Constant | ||||
UIC µg/L 1 | 0.26 | < 0.001 | 0.42 | (0.16, 0.37) | |
Breastfeeding status 2 | 19.9 | < 0.001 | 0.35 | (10.5, 29.3) | |
Infant age, weeks | −1.17 | 0.001 | −0.31 | (−1.82, −0.52) | |
Knowledge score 3 | 9.63 | 0.035 | 0.18 | (0.70, 18.56) |
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Groufh-Jacobsen, S.; Mosand, L.M.; Oma, I.; Sletten Bakken, K.; Stokke Solvik, B.; Lovise Folven Gjengedal, E.; Brantsæter, A.L.; Strand, T.A.; Henjum, S. Mild to Moderate Iodine Deficiency and Inadequate Iodine Intake in Lactating Women in the Inland Area of Norway. Nutrients 2020, 12, 630. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030630
Groufh-Jacobsen S, Mosand LM, Oma I, Sletten Bakken K, Stokke Solvik B, Lovise Folven Gjengedal E, Brantsæter AL, Strand TA, Henjum S. Mild to Moderate Iodine Deficiency and Inadequate Iodine Intake in Lactating Women in the Inland Area of Norway. Nutrients. 2020; 12(3):630. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030630
Chicago/Turabian StyleGroufh-Jacobsen, Synne, Lise Mette Mosand, Ingvild Oma, Kjersti Sletten Bakken, Beate Stokke Solvik, Elin Lovise Folven Gjengedal, Anne Lise Brantsæter, Tor Arne Strand, and Sigrun Henjum. 2020. "Mild to Moderate Iodine Deficiency and Inadequate Iodine Intake in Lactating Women in the Inland Area of Norway" Nutrients 12, no. 3: 630. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030630