Dietary Sodium Intake and Food Sources among Chinese Adults: Data from the CNNHS 2010–2012
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Estimating Total Sodium Intake
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study Population Characteristics
3.2. Dietary Sodium Intakes of the Subjects
3.3. Proportion of Dietary Sodium from Various Sources
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total Sample, n (%) | Urban, n (%) | Rural, n (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | |||
18–49 | 25,309 (46.9) | 11,393 (42.5) | 13,916 (51.1) |
50–64 | 18,320 (33.9) | 9573 (35.7) | 8747 (32.2) |
≥65 | 10,364 (19.2) | 5816 (21.7) | 4548 (16.7) |
Gender | |||
Male | 24,777 (45.9) | 12,053 (45.0) | 12,724 (46.8) |
Female | 29,216 (54.1) | 14,729 (55.0) | 14,487 (53.2) |
Geographic region * | |||
South | 28,781 (53.3) | 14,860 (55.5) | 13,921 (51.2) |
North | 25,212 (46.7) | 11,922 (44.5) | 13,290 (48.8) |
Highest level of education | |||
Primary school or less | 22,226 (41.2) | 7355 (27.5) | 14,871 (54.7) |
Middle school | 27,145 (50.3) | 15,257 (57.0) | 11,888 (43.7) |
College and above | 4621 (8.6) | 4170 (15.6) | 451 (1.7) |
Urban | Rural | Total | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (95% CI) | Median (p25, p75) | Over PI-NCD * (%) | Over WHO Standard (%) | Mean (95% CI) | Median (p25, p75) | Over PI-NCD (%) | Over WHO Standard (%) | Mean (95% CI) | Median (p25, p75) | Over PI-NCD (%) | Over WHO Standard (%) | |
5056 (4887, 5232) | 4563 (3418, 6153) | 92.0 | 91.4 | 4966 (4705, 5228) | 4435 (2977, 6296) | 93.1 | 92.6 | 5013 (4858, 5168) | 4505 (3219, 6211) | 92.6 | 92.0 | |
Age (years) | ||||||||||||
18–49 | 4994 (4814, 5174) | 4521 (3377, 6094) | 91.2 a | 91.2 b | 4872 (4592, 5152) | 4329 (2869, 6193) | 92.6 a | 92.6 b | 4931 (4763, 5099) | 4439 (3140, 6151) | 91.9 a | 91.9 b |
50–64 | 5276 (5072, 5480) | 4704 (3548, 6327) | 94.0 | 92.9 | 5239 (4962, 5516) | 4691 (3199, 6595) | 95.1 | 94.1 | 5259 (5093, 5426) | 4702 (3404, 6456) | 94.5 | 93.4 |
≥65 | 4959 (4793, 5125) | 4462 (3374, 5958) | 92.3 | 89.1 | 5058 (4838, 5279) | 4506 (3207, 6228) | 92.2 | 89.8 | 5007 (4871, 5144) | 4488 (3302, 6086) | 92.2 | 89.5 |
Gender | ||||||||||||
Male | 5143 (4945, 5341) | 4637 (3426, 6330) | 93.7 a | 93.2 b | 5061 (4773, 5349) | 4533 (2943, 6495) | 94.5 a | 94.1 b | 5102 (4928, 5275) | 4601 (3215, 6402) | 94.1 a | 93.7 b |
Female | 4975 (4821, 5129) | 4480 (3410, 5957) | 90.3 | 89.6 | 4868 (4626, 5110) | 4343 (3008, 6045) | 91.7 | 91.1 | 4922 (4780, 5063) | 4422 (3224, 5994) | 91.0 | 90.3 |
Geographic region | ||||||||||||
South | 4925 (4736, 5114) | 4437 (3395, 5876) | 92.2 | 91.6 | 4408 (4100, 4717) | 3984 (2619, 5616) | 93.0 | 92.5 | 4681 (4506, 4857) | 4245 (3029, 5768) | 92.5 | 92.0 |
North | 5238 (4931, 5544) | 4717 (3463, 6449) | 91.9 | 91.2 | 5544 (5210, 5877) | 4939 (3447, 6972) | 93.2 | 92.8 | 5400 (5176, 5625) | 4833 (3454, 6704) | 92.6 | 92.1 |
Highest level of education | ||||||||||||
Primary school or less | 5223 (5022, 5424) | 4687 (3526, 6327) | 92.3 a | 90.9 b | 5063 (4796, 5330) | 4482 (3058, 6389) | 92.8 | 92.0 | 5118 (4933, 5303) | 4562 (3240, 6371) | 92.6 a | 91.6 b |
Middle school | 5047 (4854, 5240) | 4554 (3418, 6144) | 92.5 | 92.0 | 4897 (4614, 5180) | 4407 (2925, 6223) | 93.5 | 93.3 | 4977 (4811, 5143) | 4495 (3215, 6175) | 93.0 | 92.6 |
College and above | 4871 (4668, 5073) | 4407 (3258, 5853) | 89.8 | 89.7 | 4808 (4391, 5226) | 4099 (2840, 6019) | 91.2 | 91.0 | 4860 (4679, 5042) | 4368 (3203, 5903) | 90.1 | 89.9 |
Salt | Soy Sauce | Processed Food | Chicken Essence | Animal Food * | Flour Products | Vegetables and Fruits | Other Condiments | Others ** | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urban | |||||||||||
Gender | Male | 65.1 | 9.3 | 7.7 | 4.9 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 2.6 | 0.8 | 1.5 | |
Female | 65.6 | 9.0 | 7.8 | 4.8 | 4.1 | 3.5 | 2.8 | 0.8 | 1.5 | ||
Age (years) | 18–49 | 64.8 | 9.3 | 8.1 | 4.7 | 4.2 | 3.9 | 2.7 | 0.8 | 1.5 | |
50–54 | 66.4 | 9.0 | 7.0 | 5.1 | 3.8 | 3.7 | 2.7 | 0.8 | 1.5 | ||
≥65 | 66.6 | 8.7 | 6.9 | 5.2 | 4.0 | 3.6 | 2.9 | 0.8 | 1.3 | ||
Geographic region | South | 65.2 | 9.6 | 7.5 | 5.6 | 4.8 | 1.4 | 3.4 | 0.9 | 1.6 | |
North | 65.5 | 8.6 | 8.0 | 3.8 | 3.2 | 7.0 | 1.8 | 0.6 | 1.4 | ||
Highest level of education | Primary school or less | 68.6 | 8.0 | 6.8 | 5.1 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 2.7 | 0.8 | 1.3 | |
Middle school | 65.1 | 9.3 | 7.8 | 4.8 | 4.1 | 4.0 | 2.7 | 0.8 | 1.5 | ||
College and above | 65.6 | 9.0 | 8.7 | 4.5 | 5.3 | 3.9 | 2.7 | 0.6 | 1.7 | ||
Rural | |||||||||||
Gender | Male | 72.9 | 7.3 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 2.4 | 4.3 | 2.0 | 1.4 | 1.1 | |
Female | 73.0 | 7.3 | 4.4 | 4.2 | 2.5 | 4.1 | 2.2 | 1.3 | 1.1 | ||
Age (years) | 18–49 | 72.4 | 7.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 2.5 | 4.4 | 2.1 | 1.4 | 1.1 | |
50–54 | 74.2 | 7.1 | 4.1 | 4.0 | 2.2 | 3.9 | 2.0 | 1.4 | 1.0 | ||
≥65 | 74.7 | 7.1 | 4.1 | 3.6 | 2.4 | 3.9 | 2.1 | 1.2 | 1.0 | ||
Geographic region | South | 73.5 | 6.8 | 4.0 | 5.5 | 3.1 | 1.4 | 2.7 | 1.8 | 1.2 | |
North | 72.4 | 7.8 | 4.7 | 2.9 | 1.7 | 7.1 | 1.4 | 0.9 | 1.0 | ||
Highest level of education | Primary school or less | 74.7 | 6.6 | 3.9 | 4.1 | 2.2 | 4.0 | 2.1 | 1.4 | 1.0 | |
Middle school | 71.7 | 7.7 | 4.6 | 4.3 | 2.6 | 4.4 | 2.1 | 1.3 | 1.1 | ||
College and above | 69.6 | 8.7 | 5.4 | 4.3 | 3.3 | 3.7 | 2.2 | 1.7 | 1.2 |
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Fang, K.; He, Y.; Fang, Y.; Lian, Y. Dietary Sodium Intake and Food Sources among Chinese Adults: Data from the CNNHS 2010–2012. Nutrients 2020, 12, 453. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020453
Fang K, He Y, Fang Y, Lian Y. Dietary Sodium Intake and Food Sources among Chinese Adults: Data from the CNNHS 2010–2012. Nutrients. 2020; 12(2):453. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020453
Chicago/Turabian StyleFang, Kehong, Yuna He, Yuehui Fang, and Yiyao Lian. 2020. "Dietary Sodium Intake and Food Sources among Chinese Adults: Data from the CNNHS 2010–2012" Nutrients 12, no. 2: 453. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020453
APA StyleFang, K., He, Y., Fang, Y., & Lian, Y. (2020). Dietary Sodium Intake and Food Sources among Chinese Adults: Data from the CNNHS 2010–2012. Nutrients, 12(2), 453. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020453