Relationship between Inflammatory Food Consumption and Age-Related Hearing Loss in a Prospective Observational Cohort: Results from the Salus in Apulia Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Hearing Assessment
2.3. Dietary Assessments
2.4. Micronutrients Assessment
2.5. Socioeconomic and Lifestyle Assessment
2.6. Clinical Characteristics
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Sugar as a Risk Factor for Age-Related Hearing Loss
4.2. Alcohol and Age-Related Hearing Loss
4.3. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Great Age Study (2012–18) | MICOL 3 (2005–06) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age-Related Hearing Loss (ARHL) | Age-Related Hearing Loss (ARHL) | |||||
Variables * | No (< 40) | Yes (≥ 40) | p# | No (< 40) | Yes (≥ 40) | p# |
Gender, men (%) | 299 (60.53) | 103 (57.87) | 0.53 | 299 (60.53) | 103 (57.87) | 0.53 |
Age (years) | 71.76 ± 5.67 | 76.18 ± 6.27 | <0.0001 | 64.20 ± 5.68 | 68.76 ± 6.41 | <0.0001 |
Smoke (%) (a) | 49 (10.01) | 15 (8.54) | 0.18 | 63 (12.91) | 21 (11.36) | 0.21 |
Education (%) (f) | ||||||
Low | 252 (51.48) | 110 (61.80) | 0.08 | 313 (63.84) | 130 (73.84) | 0.28 |
Medium | 125 (25.48) | 32 (17.98) | 0.06 | 101 (20.64) | 27 (15.34) | 0.38 |
High | 113 (23.03) | 36 (20.22) | 0.89 | 76 (15.51) | 19 (10.82) | 0.64 |
Diabetic (%) (a) | 96 (19.48) | 39 (21.91) | 0.87 | 89 (18.02) | 32 (18.18) | 0.33 |
Comorbidity (> 1) (%) (e) | 356 (72.39) | 145 (81.46) | 0.19 | 297 (60.12) | 123 (69.32) | 0.52 |
Systolic pressure (mmHg) (b) | 132.59 ± 3.88 | 134.04 ± 4.53 | 0.73 | 130.33 ± 6.23 | 134.16 ± 6.27 | 0.41 |
Diastolic pressure (mmHg) (b) | 79.05 ± 1.82 | 80.95 ± 6.56 | 0.68 | 75.67 ± 2.64 | 74.59 ± 3.08 | 0.56 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 29.05 ± 4.96 | 29.00 ± 5.26 | 0.91 | 29.67 ± 4.73 | 29.82 ± 5.28 | 0.73 |
Glucose (mg/dL) (c) | 106.08 ± 17.56 | 109.35 ± 22.68 | 0.35 | 111.08 ± 21.17 | 111.35 ± 22.52 | 0.67 |
Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) (d) | 182.08 ± 17.47 | 179.70 ± 13.06 | 0.84 | 204.37 ± 10.10 | 198.87 ± 10.08 | 0.67 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) (a) | 106.76 ± 1.81 | 110.34 ± 5.84 | 0.47 | 134.13 ± 13.12 | 142.14 ± 6.27 | 0.36 |
Great Age Study (2012–18) | MICOL 3 (2005–06) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age-Related Hearing Loss (ARHL) | Age-Related Hearing Loss (ARHL) | |||||
Variables * | No (< 40) | Yes (≥ 40) | p# | No (< 40) | Yes (≥ 40) | p# |
Food Groups (g) | ||||||
Dairy | 104.29 ± 10.97 | 94.75 ± 11.65 | 0.61 | 98.06 ± 8.16 | 88.78 ± 13.57 | 0.43 |
Low Fat Dairy | 99.87 ± 6.96 | 96.67 ± 22.78 | 0.35 | 89.15 ± 8.97 | 104.72 ± 29.93 | 0.19 |
Eggs | 7.65 ± 1.00 | 6.84 ± 1.54 | 0.40 | 7.67 ± 0.83 | 7.05 ± 1.42 | 0.82 |
White Meat | 25.79 ± 4.34 | 24.69 ± 5.36 | 0.96 | 23.71 ± 3.85 | 22.50 ± 5.68 | 0.67 |
Red Meat | 24.87 ± 5.71 | 24.26 ± 8.19 | 0.94 | 30.84 ± 5.98 | 30.17 ± 10.03 | 0.51 |
Processed Meat | 15.48 ± 3.62 | 13.38 ± 4.74 | 0.80 | 16.90 ± 5.17 | 15.20 ± 7.26 | 0.56 |
Fish | 26.85 ± 3.46 | 23.80 ± 5.28 | 0.62 | 26.69 ± 2.51 | 24.84 ± 14.68 | 0.60 |
Seafood/Shellfish | 10.09 ± 0.95 | 10.18 ± 3.42 | 0.50 | 11.67 ± 1.69 | 10.99 ± 4.83 | 0.79 |
Leafy Vegetables | 61.21 ± 6.84 | 56.28 ± 10.95 | 0.33 | 65.40 ± 13.13 | 61.95 ± 6.92 | 0.37 |
Fruiting Vegetables | 94.56 ± 5.90 | 103.55 ± 14.96 | 0.33 | 101.92 ± 12.37 | 99.52 ± 11.20 | 0.71 |
Root Vegetables | 11.38 ± 4.88 | 12.44 ± 5.55 | 0.58 | 8.84 ± 2.64 | 6.13 ± 0.99 | 0.15 |
Other Vegetables | 87.58 ± 10.86 | 81.51 ± 19.71 | 0.58 | 81.82 ± 12.69 | 77.69 ± 8.48 | 0.42 |
Legumes | 36.48 ± 3.11 | 40.38 ± 4.39 | 0.44 | 38.85 ± 5.57 | 39.73 ± 2.39 | 0.87 |
Potatoes | 13.88 ± 2.55 | 16.82 ± 7.32 | 0.70 | 14.76 ± 2.24 | 16.61 ± 3.18 | 0.37 |
Fruits | 625.65 ± 61.21 | 599.02 ± 115.68 | 0.59 | 662.72 ± 76.01 | 677.56 ± 105.27 | 0.52 |
Nuts | 5.77 ± 1.67 | 4.89 ± 1.55 | 0.61 | 3.40 ± 0.61 | 4.01 ± 2.14 | 0.70 |
Great Age Study (2012–18) | MICOL 3 (2005–06) | |||||
Age-Related Hearing Loss (ARHL) | Age-Related Hearing Loss (ARHL) | |||||
Variables * | No (< 40) | Yes (≥ 40) | p# | No (< 40) | Yes (≥ 40) | p# |
Grains | 165.35 ± 23.05 | 175.14 ± 43.47 | 0.22 | 199.83 ± 32.83 | 207.72 ± 44.50 | 0.42 |
Olives and Vegetable Oil | 53.84 ± 4.23 | 58.68 ± 14.03 | 0.29 | 47.72 ± 4.17 | 52.23 ± 7.50 | 0.54 |
Sweets | 22.78 ± 2.90 | 21.53 ± 5.44 | 0.79 | 19.24 ± 3.02 | 20.78 ± 3.67 | 0.23 |
Sugary | 10.35 ± 1.71 | 10.08 ± 1.30 | 0.72 | 11.77 ± 1.96 | 15.23 ± 4.34 | 0.05 |
Juices | 5.64 ± 2.03 | 10.02 ± 5.92 | 0.01 | 12.44 ± 8.97 | 13.52 ± 13.00 | 0.15 |
Caloric Drinks | 6.48 ± 6.58 | 6.91 ± 6.43 | 0.70 | 9.21 ± 5.57 | 16.21 ± 16.16 | 0.05 |
Ready to Eat Dish | 31.07 ± 3.44 | 27.34 ± 8.09 | 0.76 | 34.96 ± 6.66 | 35.54 ± 11.64 | 0.13 |
Coffe | 48.92 ± 9.00 | 43.21 ± 8.63 | 0.49 | 51.65 ± 10.92 | 48.86 ± 11.83 | 0.61 |
Wine | 144.49 ± 72.36 | 142.47 ± 99.14 | 0.77 | 180.55 ± 100.13 | 176.59 ± 125.50 | 0.80 |
Beer | 21.10 ± 17.22 | 17.61 ± 23.40 | 0.91 | 27.27 ± 23.92 | 39.68 ± 42.23 | 0.02 |
Spirits | 1.26 ± 0.94 | 1.20 ± 1.14 | 0.66 | 1.51 ± 1.38 | 2.52 ± 2.93 | 0.05 |
Water | 658.57 ± 21.69 | 684.00 ± 41.79 | 0.25 | 615.41 ± 46.84 | 618.56 ± 51.48 | 0.95 |
Great Age Study (2012–18) | MICOL 3 (2005–06) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age-Related Hearing Loss (ARHL) | Age-Related Hearing Loss (ARHL) | |||||
Variables § | No (< 40) | Yes (≥ 40) | p# | No (< 40) | Yes (≥ 40) | p# |
Micro(g) | ||||||
Na | 1552.70 ± 76.03 | 1522.53 ± 77.14 | 0.87 | 1672.40 ± 74.03 | 1629.64 ± 116.91 | 0.86 |
K | 3406.54 ± 156.21 | 3309.85 ± 273.14 | 0.30 | 3609.79 ± 233.66 | 3506.99 ± 279.83 | 0.51 |
Fe | 11.29 ± 0.68 | 11.21 ± 0.90 | 0.76 | 12.29 ± 0.67 | 11.85 ± 0.81 | 0.20 |
Ca | 877.94 ± 72.16 | 853.74 ± 135.23 | 0.23 | 902.87 ± 79.12 | 865.53 ± 121.96 | 0.19 |
p | 1145.63 ± 52.95 | 1125.27 ± 80.17 | 0.41 | 1225.24 ± 41.57 | 1179.77 ± 74.49 | 0.10 |
B1 | 0.83 ± 0.04 | 0.82 ± 0.07 | 0.65 | 0.89 ± 0.04 | 0.85 ± 0.05 | 0.36 |
B2 | 1.42 ± 0.08 | 1.42 ± 0.19 | 0.97 | 1.48 ± 0.08 | 1.44 ± 0.11 | 0.32 |
PP | 1.42 ± 0.08 | 1.42 ± 0.19 | 0.97 | 1.48 ± 0.08 | 1.44 ± 0.11 | 0.32 |
Vit.A | 1103.65 ± 135.87 | 1407.29 ± 698.70 | 0.11 | 1177.66 ± 99.71 | 1042.04 ± 116.58 | 0.04 |
Vit.C | 183.94 ± 16.44 | 184.95 ± 21.25 | 0.65 | 189.24 ± 22.22 | 180.75 ± 30.20 | 0.34 |
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Sardone, R.; Lampignano, L.; Guerra, V.; Zupo, R.; Donghia, R.; Castellana, F.; Battista, P.; Bortone, I.; Procino, F.; Castellana, M.; et al. Relationship between Inflammatory Food Consumption and Age-Related Hearing Loss in a Prospective Observational Cohort: Results from the Salus in Apulia Study. Nutrients 2020, 12, 426. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020426
Sardone R, Lampignano L, Guerra V, Zupo R, Donghia R, Castellana F, Battista P, Bortone I, Procino F, Castellana M, et al. Relationship between Inflammatory Food Consumption and Age-Related Hearing Loss in a Prospective Observational Cohort: Results from the Salus in Apulia Study. Nutrients. 2020; 12(2):426. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020426
Chicago/Turabian StyleSardone, Rodolfo, Luisa Lampignano, Vito Guerra, Roberta Zupo, Rossella Donghia, Fabio Castellana, Petronilla Battista, Ilaria Bortone, Filippo Procino, Marco Castellana, and et al. 2020. "Relationship between Inflammatory Food Consumption and Age-Related Hearing Loss in a Prospective Observational Cohort: Results from the Salus in Apulia Study" Nutrients 12, no. 2: 426. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020426
APA StyleSardone, R., Lampignano, L., Guerra, V., Zupo, R., Donghia, R., Castellana, F., Battista, P., Bortone, I., Procino, F., Castellana, M., Passantino, A., Rucco, R., Lozupone, M., Seripa, D., Panza, F., De Pergola, G., Giannelli, G., Logroscino, G., Boeing, H., & Quaranta, N. (2020). Relationship between Inflammatory Food Consumption and Age-Related Hearing Loss in a Prospective Observational Cohort: Results from the Salus in Apulia Study. Nutrients, 12(2), 426. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020426