Effect of Overeating Dietary Protein at Different Levels on Circulating Lipids and Liver Lipid: The PROOF Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods and Materials
2.1. Participants
2.2. Protocol
2.3. Diets
2.4. Body Composition
2.5. Measurement of Adipose Tissue Volumes and Liver Fat
2.6. Adipose Tissue Biopsy for Fat Cell Size
2.7. Laboratory Measurements
3. Statistical Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Associations with Dietary Protein Assignment
4.2. Effects of Dietary Fat on HDL-Cholesterol, Total Cholesterol, Free Fatty Acids, and Liver Fat
5. Discussion
5.1. Overall Effects of Overfeeding
5.2. Overfed Protein
5.3. Overfed Fat
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | LPD | NPD | HPD | p by ANOVA |
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of Participants (M/F) | 8 (5M/3F) | 9 (6M/3F) | 6 (3M/3F) | |
Age (years) | 22.9 + 0.97 | 22.9 + 1.83 | 27.2 + 0.87 | 0.043 |
Weight (kg) | 68.6 + 4.73 | 79.2 + 5.47 | 75.8 + 6.28 | 0.39 |
Calories fed (kcal/d) | 3130 ± 129 * | 3508 ± 228 | 3501 ± 309 | 0.14 |
Percent overfed | 38 ± 3% | 42 ± 3% | 39 ± 5% | 0.15 |
Carbohydrate Intake (g/d)(%) | 341 ± 13 (39%) | 369 ± 24 (46%) | 378 ± 38 (45%) | 0.57 |
Protein Intake (g/d)(%) | 46.6 ± 1.66 (5%) | 140.0 ± 9.62 (14%) | 231.5 ± 23.0 (25%) | <0.0001 |
Total Fat (g/d)(%) | 186 ± 7.1 (56%) | 170.9 ± 10.8 (39%) | 132 ± 11.1 (29%) | 0.0054 |
Saturated Fat (g/d) | 63.9 ± 3.0 | 44.6 ± 2.62 | 27.5 ± 2.49 | <0.0001 |
Monounsaturated fat (g/d) | 48.9 ± 2.1 | 45.8 ± 3.13 | 27.8 ± 2.56 | <0.0001 |
Polyunsaturated fat (g/d) | 30.4 ± 0.80 | 30.0 ± 1.76 | 15.3 ± 1.52 | <0.0001 |
Variable | LPD | NPD | HPD | p for ANOVA | Overall p Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | Change | Baseline | Change | Baseline | Change | |||
Weight (kg) | 68.6 ± 4.7 | 3.17 ± 0.46c | 79.2 ± 5.95 | 6.26 ± 0.46c | 75.8 ± 6.3 | 7.0 ± 0.49d | =0.0028 | <0.0001 |
Body Fat (kg) | 16.6 ± 1.8 | 3.65 ± 0.32d | 18.3 ± 2.5 | 3.45 ± 0.50b | 21.2 ± 2.7 | 3.62 ± 0.34d | =0.86 | <0.0001 |
FFM (kg) | 53.2 ± 3.65 | −0.70 ± 0.24 | 59.9 ± 4.2 | 2.86 ± 0.47b | 56.2 ± 64 | 3.24 ± 0.12c | <0.0001 | 0.0011 |
VAT (kg) | 1.56 ± 0.31 | 0.51 ± 0.088b | 1.58 ± 0.32 | 0.39 ± 0.11a | 2.6 ± 0.63 | 0.47 ± 0.11c | =0.63 | 0.0091 |
DSAT (kg) | 1.31 ± 0.49 | 0.63 ± 0.21a | 1.31 ± 0.56 | 0.59 ± 0.21a | 1.8 ± 0.61 | 0.72 ± 0.16b | =0.90 | <0.0001 |
SSAT (kg) | 4.21 ± 0.75 | 1.31 ± 0.21c | 4.21 ± 0.90 | 1.14 ± 0.095d | 5.0 ± 0.85 | 1.3 ± 0.06d | =0.63 | <0.0001 |
Fat Cell Size (µL) | 0.59 ± 0.068 | 0.20 ± 0.10 | 0.61 ± 0.10 | 0.11 ± 0.073 | 0.64 ± 0.10 | 0.13 ± 0.06 | =0.92 | 0.0041 |
Liver Density (HU) | 68.2 ± 4.65 | −6.02 ± 2.05c | 66.4 ± 2.78 | 0.17 ± 1.24 | 64.7 ± 5.4 | 1.49 ± 1.37 | =0.010 | 0.23 |
Chol (mg/dL) | 161 ± 8.6 | 31.2 ± 6.5b | 163 ± 10.7 | 1.28 ± 1.3 | 182 ± 7.8 | 13.1 ± 6.0 | =0.015 | 0.0047 |
Chol:HDL | 3.83 ± 0.30 | 2.42 ± 2.29a | 3.87 ± 0.28 | 7.54 ± 2.16a | 3.71 ± 0.35 | 2.95 ± 2.65 | =0.23 | 0.0034 |
HDL (mg/dL) | 42.3 ± 2.2 | 15.1 ± 1.80d | 43.7 ± 2.1 | 1.96 ± 1.56 | 50.4 ± 3.8 | 6.1 ± 1.8a | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
LDL (mg/dL) | 94.6 ± 6.5 | 21.8 ± 6.3b | 97.7 ± 8.6 | 1.83 ± 6.3 | 110.1 ± 6.5 | 13.6 ± 6.2 | =0.088 | 0.0068 |
LDL:HDL | 2.26 ± 0.21 | 1.77 ± 2.18 | 2.31 ± 0.20 | 2.28 ± 2.05 | 2.25 ± 0.24 | 3.55 ± 2.52 | =0.86 | 0.16 |
TG (mg/dL) | 118 ± 11.1 | −28.9 ± 8.0 | 112 ± 25.7 | −13.2 ± 6.8 | 106 ± 15.3 | −33.5 ± 5.66b | =0.13 | <0.0001 |
FFA (mmol/L) | 0.29 ± 0.038 | 0.23 ± 0.11 | 0.32 ± 0.027 | −0.027 ± 0.042 | 0.29 ± 0.06 | 0.025 ± 0.036 | =0.035 | 0.13 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 85.2 ± 2.91 | 4.0 ± 1.1b | 84.5 ± 2.64 | 4.44 ± 2.66 | 84.5 ± 1.2 | 4.8 ± 3.1 | =0.97 | 0.0030 |
Insulin (µU/mL) | 11.6 ± 1.7 | 1.6 ± 1.35 | 13.0 ± 3.02 | 1.24 ± 1.02 | 12.7 ± 2.43 | 1.15 ± 2.04 | =0.59 | 0.014 |
Leptin (ng/dL) | 11.6 ± 3.4 | 8.7 ± 2.3b | 14.1 ± 4.7 | 5.9 ± 1.30b | 20.1 ± 5.1 | 8.25 ± 1.65b | =0.50 | <0.0001 |
SBP (mmHg) | 103 ± 3.1 | 8.7 ± 2.3 | 106 ± 2.1 | 8.88 ± 3.5a | 107 ± 2.3 | 12.1 ± 4.3a | =0.80 | =0.0002 |
DBP (mmHg) | 67 ± 2.6 | 4.25 ± 2.61 | 7.0 ± 2.1 | 2.48 ± 2.8 | 70 ± 3.5 | 4.0 ± 3.0 | =0.88 | =0.036 |
Variable | Total Fat | SFA | MUFA | PUFA | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r | p | r | p | r | p | r | p | |
Weight (kg) | 0.11 | 0.65 | −0.11 | 0.13 | 0.00 | 0.97 | −0.044 | 0.76 |
Body Fat (kg) | 0.49 | 0.033 | 0.29 | 0.23 | 0.39 | 0.095 | 0.35 | 0.19 |
FFM (kg) | −0.39 | 0.61 | −0.58 | 0.0093 | −0.21 | 0.23 | −0.24 | 0.18 |
VAT (kg) | 0.49 | 0.038 | 0.34 | 0.17 | 0.38 | 0.12 | 0.24 | 0.31 |
DSAT (kg) | −0.024 | 0.93 | −0.12 | 0.64 | −0.086 | 0.75 | 0.11 | 0.67 |
SSAT (kg) | −0.058 | 0.79 | −0.070 | 0.77 | −0.13 | 0.61 | −0.14 | 0.58 |
Fat Cell Size µL | 0.096 | 0.84 | 0.14 | 0.65 | 0.050 | 0.92 | −0.030 | 0.82 |
Liver Density (HU) | −0.64 | 0.0046 | −0.74 | 0.0008 | −0.59 | 0.013 | −0.49 | 0.045 |
Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.36 | 0.090 | 0.18 | 0.40 | 0.14 | 0.52 |
HDL:LDL | −0.091 | 0.68 | −0.02 | 0.93 | −0.045 | 0.84 | 0.014 | 0.95 |
HDL (mg/dL) | 0.31 | 0.16 | 0.51 | 0.014 | 0.24 | 0.28 | 0.18 | 0.40 |
LDL (mg/dL) | 0.11 | 0.60 | 0.20 | 0.36 | 0.054 | 0.80 | 0.020 | 0.92 |
TG (mg/dL) | 0.27 | 0.21 | 0.20 | 0.53 | 0.34 | 0.12 | 0.34 | 0.11 |
FFA (mmol/L) | 0.56 | 0.0056 | 0.62 | 0.0016 | 0.48 | 0.0184 | 0.37 | 0.083 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 0.22 | 0.31 | 0.08 | 0.71 | 0.18 | 0.42 | 0.12 | 0.59 |
Insulin (µU/mL) | 0.10 | 0.65 | 0.069 | 0.75 | 0.14 | 0.54 | 0.94 | 0.67 |
Leptin (ng/mL) | −0.37 | 0.078 | −0.16 | 0.46 | −0.34 | 0.11 | −0.28 | 0.18 |
SBP (mmHg) | 0.016 | 0.81 | −0.026 | 0.90 | 0.006 | 0.99 | −0.05 | 0.82 |
DBP (mmHg) | 0.35 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.35 | 0.27 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.29 |
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Bray, G.A.; Redman, L.M.; Rood, J.; de Jonge, L.; Smith, S.R. Effect of Overeating Dietary Protein at Different Levels on Circulating Lipids and Liver Lipid: The PROOF Study. Nutrients 2020, 12, 3801. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123801
Bray GA, Redman LM, Rood J, de Jonge L, Smith SR. Effect of Overeating Dietary Protein at Different Levels on Circulating Lipids and Liver Lipid: The PROOF Study. Nutrients. 2020; 12(12):3801. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123801
Chicago/Turabian StyleBray, George A., Leanne M. Redman, Jennifer Rood, Lilian de Jonge, and Steven R. Smith. 2020. "Effect of Overeating Dietary Protein at Different Levels on Circulating Lipids and Liver Lipid: The PROOF Study" Nutrients 12, no. 12: 3801. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123801