Intake of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 May Reduce the Severity of Upper Respiratory Tract Infection: Post hoc Analysis of a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Group Comparison Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Cohort
2.2. Study Implementation
2.3. Ethical Statement
2.4. Trial Supplement
2.5. Upper Respiratory Tract Symptom Survey
2.6. Outcome Measures
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Background Information on the Study Subjects
3.2. Severity of Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Symptoms
3.3. Number of Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Events
3.4. Proportion of Medication Use
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Placebo | 25OHD | p Value * | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 105) | (n = 110) | |||
Age | (years) | 52.6 ± 6.7 | 52.8 ± 6.2 | 0.788 |
Gender | (male/female) | 25/80 | 41/69 | 0.039 |
Body mass index | (kg/m2) | 21.2 ± 1.6 | 21.3±1.6 | 0.729 |
Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D | (nmol/L) | 48.6 ± 13.1 | 49.1 ± 13.8 | 0.798 |
Serum 1α, 25 (OH)2 D | (pg/mL) | 54.6 ± 14.7 | 53.3 ± 16.6 | 0.539 |
Intact PTH | (pg/mL) | 50.6 ± 14.7 | 47.8 ± 15.1 | 0.163 |
Serum calcium | (mg/dL) | 9.29 ± 0.33 | 9.31 ± 0.33 | 0.722 |
Urinary calcium | (mg/mg creatinine) | 0.112 ± 0.079 | 0.105 ± 0.070 | 0.496 |
Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Insufficiency | Deficiency | |||||
Placebo | 25OHD | p Value * | Placebo | 25OHD | p Value * | |
(n = 45) | (n = 49) | (n = 60) | (n = 61) | |||
Age (years) | 54.0 ± 7.6 | 53.7 ± 7.0 | 0.850 | 51.5 ± 5.8 | 52.1 ± 5.4 | 0.570 |
Gender (male/female) | 12/33 | 23/26 | 0.055 | 13/47 | 18/43 | 0.406 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 21.1 ± 1.7 | 21.3 ± 1.6 | 0.461 | 21.3 ± 1.6 | 21.3 ± 1.6 | 0.890 |
Serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D (nmol/L) | 61.4 ± 6.6 | 62.2 ± 7.8 | 0.618 | 39.0 ± 7.1 | 38.6 ± 6.8 | 0.731 |
Serum 1α, 25 (OH)2 D (pg/mL) | 58.8 ± 17.5 | 57.8 ± 19.1 | 0.794 | 51.5 ± 11.4 | 49.7 ± 13.3 | 0.426 |
Intact PTH (pg/mL) | 48.6 ± 12.9 | 43.8 ± 11.5 | 0.056 | 52.1 ± 15.9 | 51.0 ± 16.8 | 0.704 |
Serum calcium (mg/dL) | 9.29 ± 0.31 | 9.30 ± 0.34 | 0.919 | 9.29 ± 0.34 | 9.31 ± 0.32 | 0.701 |
Urinary calcium (mg/mg creatinine) | 0.114 ± 0.064 | 0.111 ± 0.085 | 0.859 | 0.110 ± 0.089 | 0.100 ± 0.056 | 0.443 |
Creatinine clearance (mL/min) | 90.0 ± 17.1 | 91.4 ± 14.6 | 0.660 | 90.8 ± 14.7 | 97.0 ± 25.1 | 0.100 |
Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | Insufficiency | Deficiency | |||||||
Items | Placebo (n = 43) | 25OHD (n = 41) | p Value * | Placebo (n = 17) | 25OHD (n = 15) | p Value * | Placebo (n = 26) | 25OHD (n = 26) | p Value * |
Runny nose | 45.7 ± 55.6 | 23.1 ± 33.1 | 0.027 | 36.2 ± 47.0 | 15.6 ± 13.3 | 0.111 | 51.8 ± 60.6 | 27.4 ± 40.0 | 0.092 |
(42/43) | (40/41) | (1.000) | (17/17) | (14/15) | (0.468) | (25/26) | (26/26) | (1.000) | |
Plugged nose | 36.5 ± 48.1 | 19.9 ± 35.4 | 0.077 | 31.6 ± 44.1 | 10.3 ± 13.3 | 0.081 | 39.6 ± 51.2 | 25.5 ± 42.6 | 0.283 |
(41/43) | (37/41) | (0.427) | (16/17) | (13/15) | (0.588) | (25/26) | (24/26) | (1.000) | |
Sneezing | 27.5 ± 41.4 | 12.2 ± 16.0 | 0.030 | 23.0 ± 27.8 | 8.1 ± 6.9 | 0.052 | 30.4 ± 48.6 | 14.6 ± 19.2 | 0.129 |
(39/43) | (36/41) | (0.735) | (15/17) | (12/15) | (0.645) | (24/26) | (24/26) | (1.000) | |
Sore throat | 35.4 ± 52.6 | 20.0 ± 17.8 | 0.078 | 22.5 ± 19.4 | 19.5 ± 14.7 | 0.628 | 43.8 ± 65.0 | 20.3 ± 19.7 | 0.082 |
(41/43) | (38/41) | (0.672) | (16/17) | (14/15) | (1.000) | (25/26) | (24/26) | (1.000) | |
Scratchy throat | 43.6 ± 57.1 | 25.0 ± 36.7 | 0.081 | 35.4 ± 40.1 | 21.7 ± 21.8 | 0.249 | 48.9 ± 66.2 | 26.8 ± 43.3 | 0.161 |
(42/43) | (39/41) | (0.611) | (16/17) | (14/15) | (1.000) | (26/26) | (25/26) | (1.000) | |
Cough. | 40.6 ± 60.1 | 20.8 ± 25.1 | 0.053 | 48.2 ± 78.9 | 27.7 ± 21.7 | 0.338 | 35.7 ± 44.9 | 16.8 ± 26.4 | 0.070 |
(39/43) | (32/41) | (0.137) | (14/17) | (14/15) | (0.602) | (25/26) | (18/26) | (0.023) | |
Hoarseness | 28.3 ± 51.4 | 16.5 ± 15.5 | 0.163 | 30.5 ± 61.8 | 16.9 ± 13.0 | 0.408 | 26.8 ± 44.7 | 16.3 ± 17.0 | 0.268 |
(39/43) | (37/41) | (1.000) | (16/17) | (15/15) | (1.000) | (23/26) | (22/26) | (1.000) | |
Head congestion | 30.6 ± 50.6 | 12.6 ± 19.3 | 0.035 | 25.1 ± 37.0 | 7.9 ± 9.8 | 0.091 | 34.2 ± 58.3 | 15.2 ± 22.8 | 0.129 |
(37/43) | (32/41) | (0.400) | (14/17) | (9/15) | (0.243) | (23/26) | (23/26) | (1.000) | |
Chest congestion | 30.1 ± 48.1 | 16.6 ± 33.1 | 0.139 | 26.6 ± 46.7 | 13.8 ± 17.9 | 0.325 | 32.3 ± 49.8 | 18.2 ± 39.6 | 0.261 |
(36/43) | (34/41) | (1.000) | (15/17) | (13/15) | (1.000) | (21/26) | (21/26) | (1.000) | |
Feeling tired | 53.5 ± 77.5 | 34.6 ± 55.6 | 0.204 | 41.1 ± 63.7 | 33.2 ± 56.0 | 0.715 | 61.6 ± 85.5 | 35.3 ± 56.5 | 0.197 |
(43/43) | (41/41) | (-) | (17/17) | (15/15) | (-) | (26/26) | (26/26) | (-) |
Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Levels | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | Insufficiency | Deficiency | |||||||
Items | Placebo (n = 43) | 25OHD (n = 41) | p Value * | Placebo (n = 17) | 25OHD (n = 15) | p Value * | Placebo (n = 26) | 25OHD (n = 26) | p Value * |
Think clearly | 33.4 ± 51.9 | 13.7 ± 12.3 | 0.019 | 26.1 ± 46.1 | 15.5 ± 14.2 | 0.397 | 38.2 ± 55.7 | 12.7 ± 11.3 | 0.026 |
(39/43) | (36/41) | (0.735) | (14/17) | (13/15) | (1.000) | (25/26) | (23/26) | (0.609) | |
Sleep well | 29.7 ± 52.0 | 12.0 ± 14.0 | 0.038 | 23.6 ± 49.3 | 15.7 ± 13.8 | 0.552 | 33.7 ± 54.3 | 9.9 ± 13.9 | 0.035 |
(40/43) | (34/41) | (0.189) | (15/17) | (11/15) | (0.382) | (25/26) | (23/26) | (0.609) | |
Breathe easily | 29.2 ± 48.5 | 13.8 ± 21.0 | 0.065 | 23.4 ± 42.2 | 11.7 ± 10.2 | 0.304 | 33.0 ± 52.7 | 15.0 ± 25.4 | 0.123 |
(41/43) | (34/41) | (0.084) | (16/17) | (11/15) | (0.160) | (25/26) | (23/26) | (0.609) | |
Walk, climb stairs, exercise | 28.6 ± 48.0 | 10.7 ± 12.9 | 0.023 | 22.2 ± 42.1 | 10.8 ± 15.0 | 0.330 | 32.8 ± 51.8 | 10.6 ± 11.8 | 0.038 |
(38/43) | (33/41) | (0.375) | (14/17) | (10/15) | (0.423) | (24/26) | (23/26) | (1.000) | |
Accomplish daily activities | 31.4 ± 47.1 | 13.1 ± 12.2 | 0.018 | 24.2 ± 42.0 | 15.3 ± 15.0 | 0.442 | 36.0 ± 50.4 | 11.9 ± 10.4 | 0.020 |
(40/43) | (35/41) | (0.307) | (15/17) | (12/15) | (0.645) | (25/26) | (23/26) | (0.609) | |
Work outside the home | 34.1 ± 50.2 | 14.7 ± 13.5 | 0.019 | 23.4 ± 42.4 | 18.3 ± 18.0 | 0.669 | 41.1 ± 54.4 | 12.6 ± 9.8 | 0.011 |
(41/43) | (35/41) | (0.151) | (16/17) | (13/15) | (0.588) | (25/26) | (22/26) | (0.349) | |
Work inside the home | 30.1 ± 46.6 | 12.0 ± 11.8 | 0.017 | 23.5 ± 42.1 | 14.1 ± 14.8 | 0.418 | 34.4 ± 49.6 | 10.7 ± 9.8 | 0.020 |
(40/43) | (35/41) | (0.307) | (16/17) | (12/15) | (0.319) | (24/26) | (23/26) | (1.000) | |
Interact with others | 34.7 ± 49.2 | 14.8 ± 14.5 | 0.014 | 27.6 ± 45.9 | 19.4 ± 19.0 | 0.521 | 39.3 ± 51.7 | 12.1 ± 10.6 | 0.011 |
(39/43) | (34/41) | (0.345) | (15/17) | (13/15) | (1.000) | (24/26) | (21/26) | (0.418) | |
Live your personal life | 38.2 ± 49.4 | 17.2 ± 16.7 | 0.011 | 32.9 ± 46.5 | 19.9 ± 19.7 | 0.324 | 41.7 ± 51.8 | 15.7 ± 14.9 | 0.017 |
(41/43) | (38/41) | (0.672) | (16/17) | (14/15) | (1.000) | (25/26) | (24/26) | (1.000) |
Time after Start of Intake (Weeks) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels | Group | Total | 1–4 | 5–8 | 9–12 | 13–16 | |
Overall | Placebo | No. of URTI events | 66 | 24 | 19 | 17 | 6 |
No. of subjects with URTI onset | 43 | 21 | 19 | 14 | 6 | ||
25OHD | No. of URTI events | 52 | 24 | 15 | 7 | 6 | |
No. of subjects with URTI onset | 41 | 22 | 14 | 7 | 6 | ||
p value * | 0.450 | 0.971 | 0.292 | 0.078 | 0.936 | ||
Insufficiency | Placebo | No. of URTI events | 23 | 9 | 10 | 3 | 1 |
No. of subjects with URTI onset | 17 | 8 | 10 | 3 | 1 | ||
25OHD | No. of URTI events | 19 | 10 | 5 | 2 | 2 | |
No. of subjects with URTI onset | 15 | 10 | 5 | 2 | 2 | ||
p value * | 0.446 | 0.794 | 0.115 | 0.585 | 0.619 | ||
Deficiency | Placebo | No. of URTI events | 43 | 15 | 9 | 14 | 5 |
No. of subjects with URTI onset | 26 | 13 | 9 | 11 | 5 | ||
25OHD | No. of URTI events | 33 | 14 | 10 | 5 | 4 | |
No. of subjects with URTI onset | 26 | 12 | 9 | 5 | 4 | ||
p value * | 0.740 | 0.796 | 1.000 | 0.089 | 0.715 |
Serum 25-Hydoroxyvitamin D Levels | Antimicrobials | Antipyretics Analgesic | Acetaminophen | NSAIDs | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | for URTI | Total | for URTI | Total | for URTI | Total | for URTI | ||
Overall | Placebo | 11/105 | 5/43 | 25/105 | 10/43 | 10/105 | 6/43 | 21/105 | 8/43 |
(%) | (10.5) | (11.6) | (23.8) | (23.3) | (9.5) | (14.0) | (20.0) | (18.6) | |
25OHD | 9/110 | 3/41 | 24/110 | 12/41 | 13/110 | 11/41 | 15/110 | 3/41 | |
(%) | (8.2) | (7.3) | (21.8) | (29.3) | (11.8) | (26.8) | (13.6) | (7.3) | |
p value * | 0.642 | 0.713 | 0.748 | 0.623 | 0.662 | 0.179 | 0.273 | 0.196 | |
Insufficiency | Placebo | 2/45 | 1/17 | 8/45 | 3/17 | 2/45 | 1/17 | 6/45 | 2/17 |
(%) | (4.4) | (5.9) | (17.8) | (17.6) | (4.4) | (5.9) | (13.3) | (11.8) | |
25OHD | 5/49 | 2/15 | 10/49 | 5/15 | 5/49 | 5/15 | 7/49 | 1/15 | |
(%) | (10.2) | (13.3) | (20.4) | (33.3) | (10.2) | (33.3) | (14.3) | (6.7) | |
p value * | 0.438 | 0.589 | 0.798 | 0.424 | 0.438 | 0.076 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |
Deficiency | Placebo | 9/60 | 4/26 | 17/60 | 7/26 | 8/60 | 5/26 | 15/60 | 6/26 |
(%) | (15.0) | (15.4) | (28.3) | (26.9) | (13.3) | (19.2) | (25.0) | (23.1) | |
25OHD | 4/61 | 1/26 | 14/61 | 7/26 | 8/61 | 6/26 | 8/61 | 2/26 | |
(%) | (6.6) | (3.8) | (23.0) | (26.9) | (13.1) | (23.1) | (13.1) | (7.7) | |
p value * | 0.154 | 0.350 | 0.537 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.110 | 0.249 |
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Shimizu, Y.; Ito, Y.; Uotsu, N.; Yui, K. Intake of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 May Reduce the Severity of Upper Respiratory Tract Infection: Post hoc Analysis of a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Group Comparison Study. Nutrients 2020, 12, 3769. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123769
Shimizu Y, Ito Y, Uotsu N, Yui K. Intake of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 May Reduce the Severity of Upper Respiratory Tract Infection: Post hoc Analysis of a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Group Comparison Study. Nutrients. 2020; 12(12):3769. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123769
Chicago/Turabian StyleShimizu, Yoshiki, Yukihiko Ito, Nobuo Uotsu, and Kei Yui. 2020. "Intake of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 May Reduce the Severity of Upper Respiratory Tract Infection: Post hoc Analysis of a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Group Comparison Study" Nutrients 12, no. 12: 3769. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123769