Characteristics of Websites Presenting Parenteral Supplementation Services in Five European Countries: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Collection
2.2. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Number of Facilities
3.2. Social Media
3.3. Features, Staff, and Scientific Information
3.4. Indications and Contraindications
3.5. Type of Supplementation
4. Discussion
4.1. Main Findings
4.2. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | All n = 317 | Czechia n = 24 | Ireland n = 14 | Italy n = 58 | Poland n = 121 | United Kingdom n = 154 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Facilities in commercial chain (n) | 144 (38.8%) | 7 (29.2%) | 3 (21.4%) | 13 (22.4%) | 54 (44.6%) | 67 (43.5%) |
Information on address (n) | 345 (93.0%) | 24.00 (100.0%) | 14 (100.0%) | 58 (100.0%) | 103 (85.1%) | 146 (94.8%) |
Information on e-mail address (n) | 335 (90.3%) | 21.00 (87.5%) | 13 (92.9%) | 54 (93.1%) | 121 (100.0%) | 141 (91.6%) |
Information on phone number (n) | 369 (99.5%) | 24.00 (100.0%) | 13 (92.9%) | 58 (100.0%) | 106 (87.6%) | 153 (99.4%) |
Social Media | ||||||
Review in Google Maps (n) | 283 (76.3%) | 16 (66.7%) | 10 (71.4%) | 51 (87.9%) | 83 (68.6%) | 123 (79.9%) |
Rating in Google Maps (n) | 5.0 (5.0–5.0) | 4.0 (3.5–4.4) | 5.0 (4.7–5.0) | 4.1 (4.5–5.0) | 4.6 (4.3–5.0) | 4.7 (4.5–5.0) |
Number of Google ratings per facility (n) | 20 (8–48) | 19 (7–27) | 8 (24–119) | 12 (6–32) | 19 (8–46) | 28 (10–100) |
Number of Facebook pages (n) | 313 (84.4%) | 12 (50.0%) | 12 (85.7%) | 55 (94.8%) | 97 (80.1%) | 137 (89.0%) |
Facebook likes (n) | 1149 (4295–2846) | 1607 (762–31,500) | 2071 (309–5488) | 1527 (763–3776) | 1000 (332–1963) | 1070 (477–3322) |
Facebook followers (n) | 1249 (438–2906) | 1634 (783–31,170) | 2081 (315–5470) | 1539 (782–3804) | 1042 (337–1995) | 1101 (514–3363) |
Instagram profiles (n) | 229 (61.7%) | 7 (29.2%) | 10 (71.4%) | 30 (51.7%) | 61 (50.4%) | 121 (78.6%) |
Instagram followers (n) | 1289 (402–5460) | 12,325 (1293–20,000) | 781 (245–9570) | 783 (402–5081) | 536 (97–1048) | 2542 (754–9715) |
Instagram posts (n) | 261 (70–542) | 561 (78–864) | 253 (49–498) | 179 (63–461) | 74 (23–180) | 436 (213–629) |
Twitter pages (n) | 139 (37.5%) | 2 (8.3%) | 8 (57.1%) | 9 (15.5%) | 4 (3.3%) | 113 (73.4%) |
Twitter followers (n) | 430 (80–1663) | 87 (47–127) | 177 (76–762) | 14 (9–69) | 19 (0–1974) | 81 (146–1386) |
Variables | All n = 317 | Czechia n = 24 | Ireland n = 14 | Italy n = 58 | Poland n = 121 | United Kingdom n = 154 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Feature of the Services | ||||||
Information on years of experience (n) | 142 (38.3%) | 9 (37.5%) | 8 (57.1%) | 13 (22.4%) | 59 (48.8%) | 53 (34.4%) |
Experience (years) | 9.0 (3.0–15.0) | 9.0 (9.0–9.0) | 11.5 (9.0–16.3) | 18.0 (10.0–20.0) | 4.0 (2.0–13.5) | 10.0 (5.0–14.0) |
Initial visit (n) | 165 (44.5%) | 11 (45.8%) | 6 (42.9%) | 9 (15.5%) | 54 (44.6%) | 85 (55.2%) |
Lab investigations (n) | 82 (22.1%) | 6 (25.0%) | 4 (28.6%) | 9 (15.5%) | 33 (27.3%) | 30 (19.5%) |
Service in own premise (n) | 341 (91.9%) | 24 (100.0%) | 14 (100.0%) | 58 (100.0%) | 96 (79.3%) | 149 (96.8%) |
Services at the place indicated by the customer (n) | 53 (14.3%) | 1 (4.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (5.2%) | 35 (28.9%) | 14 (9.1%) |
Citation of scientific evidence on websites (n) | 6 (1.9%) | 2 (8.3%) | 1 (7.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (1.7%) | 3 (2.0%) |
Staff | ||||||
Information on personnel (n) | 310 (83.6%) | 24 (100.0%) | 11 (78.6%) | 58 (100.0%) | 81 (66.9%) | 136 (88.3%) |
Physician (n) | 248 (66.9%) | 24 (100.0%) | 8 (57.14%) | 54 (93.1%) | 72 (59.5%) | 90 (58.4%) |
Nurse and/or midwife (n) | 74 (19.95%) | 4 (16.7%) | 1 (7.1%) | 7 (12.1%) | 25 (20.7%) | 37 (24.0%) |
Dietician (n) | 45 (12.13%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 17 (29.3%) | 18 (14.9%) | 10 (6.5%) |
Cosmetologist (n) | 32 (8.63%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (14.3%) | 5 (8.6%) | 9 (7.4%) | 16 (10.4%) |
Psychologist (n) | 11 (2.96%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 10 (17.2%) | 1 (0.8%) | 0 (0.0%) |
Paramedic (n) | 8 (2.16%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (3.5%) | 5 (4.1%) | 1 (0.7%) |
Physiotherapist (n) | 7 (1.89%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 5 (8.6%) | 2 (1.7%) | 0 (0.0%) |
Variables | All n = 317 | Czechia n = 24 | Ireland n = 14 | Italy n = 58 | Poland n = 121 | United Kingdom n = 154 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indications | ||||||
Vitamin and/or micronutrients deficiency (n) | 186 (50.1%) | 18 (75.0%) | 2 (14.3%) | 1 (1.7%) | 98 (81.0%) | 67 (43.5%) |
Physically active individuals (n) | 191 (51.5%) | 11 (45.8%) | 3 (21.4%) | 3 (5.2%) | 92 (76.0%) | 82 (53.3%) |
Fatigue (n) | 232 (62.5%) | 20 (83.3%) | 6 (42.9%) | 4 (6.9%) | 89 (73.6%) | 113 (73.4%) |
Excessive stress (n) | 140 (37.7%) | 19 (79.2%) | 3 (21.4%) | 5 (8.6%) | 69 (57.0%) | 44 (28.6%) |
Concentration loss or need of mental boost (n) | 47 (12.7%) | 1 (4.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.7%) | 29 (24.0%) | 15 (9.7%) |
Symptoms of depressive disorders (n) | 81 (21.8%) | 14 (58.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.7%) | 33 (27.3%) | 33 (21.4%) |
Hangover (n) | 124 (33.4%) | 1 (4.2%) | 2 (14.4%) | 4 (6.9%) | 83 (68.6%) | 34 (22.1%) |
Immunity enhancement (n) | 215 (58.0%) | 23 (95.8%) | 5 (35.7%) | 2 (3.5%) | 79 (65.3%) | 106 (68.8%) |
Dehydration (n) | 108 (29.1%) | 1 (4.2%) | 5 (35.7%) | 2 (3.5%) | 50 (41.3%) | 50 (32.5%) |
Detoxification (n) | 153 (41.2%) | 12 (50.0%) | 3 (21.4%) | 5 (8.6%) | 48 (39.7%) | 85 (55.2%) |
Anti-aging (n) | 191 (51.5%) | 10 (41.7%) | 4 (28.6%) | 48 (82.8%) | 38 (31.4%) | 91 (59.1%) |
Beauty improvement (n) | 190 (51.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 10 (71.4%) | 54 (93.1%) | 30 (24.9%) | 96 (62.3%) |
Weight loss (n) | 87 (23.5%) | 5 (20.8%) | 2 (14.3%) | 1 (1.7%) | 28 (23.1%) | 51 (33.1%) |
Improvement of libido (n) | 41 (11.1%) | 4 (16.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 31 (25.6%) | 6 (3.9%) |
For specific diseases (n) | 77 (20.8%) | 19 (79.2%) | 3 (21.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 32 (26.5%) | 23 (14.9%) |
Malignancy (n) | 43 (11.6%) | 16 (66.7%) | 1 (7.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 19 (15.7%) | 7 (4.6%) |
Contraindications | ||||||
Information on contraindications (n) | 44 (11.9%) | 5 (20.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (6.9%) | 22 (18.2%) | 13 (8.4%) |
Hypersensitiveness (n) | 19 (5.1%) | 1 (4.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (3.5%) | 10 (8.3%) | 6 (3.9%) |
Pregnancy (n) | 17 (4.6%) | 1 (4.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (3.5%) | 11 (9.2%) | 3 (1.95%) |
Renal insufficiency (n) | 15 (4.0%) | 2 (8.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 7 (5.8%) | 6 (3.9%) |
Certain drugs (n) | 8 (2.2%) | 1 (4.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 7 (5.8%) | 0 (0.0%) |
Hemochromatosis (n) | 8 (2.2%) | 3 (12.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (2.5%) | 2 (1.3%) |
Renal stones (n) | 5 (1.4%) | 4 (16.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (1.7%) | 0 (0.0%) |
Variables | All n = 317 | Czechia n = 24 | Ireland n = 14 | Italy n = 58 | Poland n = 121 | United Kingdom n = 154 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Multi-ingredient infusion (Cocktails) (n) | 248 (66.9%) | 8 (33.3%) | 6 (42.9%) | 7 (12.1%) | 114 (94.2%) | 113 (73.4%) |
No information on exact cocktails ingredients (n) | 86 (23.2%) | 5 (20.8%) | 1 (7.1%) | 5 (8.62%) | 57 (47.1%) | 18 (11.7%) |
Electrolytes, Macro-/Micronutrients | ||||||
Magnesium (n) | 151 (40.7%) | 4 (16.7%) | 6 (42.9%) | 3 (5.2%) | 56 (46.3%) | 82 (53.3%) |
Zinc (n) | 102 (27.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (21.4%) | 2 (3.5%) | 33 (27.3%) | 64 (41.6%) |
Selenium (n) | 92 (24.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (7.1%) | 2 (3.5%) | 33 (27.3%) | 56 (36.4%) |
Multi-electrolyte fluid (n) | 66 (17.8%) | 2 (8.3%) | 2 (14.3%) | 1 (1.7%) | 34 (28.1%) | 27 (17.5%) |
Calcium (n) | 66 (17.8%) | 1 (4.2%) | 3 (21.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 14 (11.6%) | 48 (31.2%) |
NaCl 0,9% (n) | 44 (11.9%) | 1 (4.2%) | 3 (21.4%) | 1 (1.7%) | 11 (9.1%) | 28 (18.2%) |
Iron (n) | 43 (11.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (7.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 19 (15.7%) | 23 (14.9%) |
Chromium (n) | 32 (8.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (3.5%) | 22 (18.2%) | 8 (5.2%) |
Iodine (n) | 30 (8.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 24 (19.8%) | 6 (3.9%) |
Molybdenum (n) | 22 (5.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 20 (16.5%) | 2 (1.3%) |
Copper (n) | 20 (5.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 16 (13.2%) | 4 (2.6%) |
Mangan (n) | 14 (3.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 11 (9.1%) | 3 (2.0%) |
Fluor (n) | 7 (1.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 6 (5.0%) | 1 (0.7%) |
Vitamins | ||||||
Vitamin A (n) | 54 (14.6%) | 1 (4.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 46 (38.0%) | 7 (4.6%) |
Vitamin B1 (n) | 149 (40.2%) | 3 (12.5%) | 6 (42.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 52 (43.0%) | 88 (57.1%) |
Vitamin B2 (n) | 147 (39.6%) | 3 (12.5%) | 6 (42.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 51 (42.2%) | 87 (56.5%) |
Vitamin B3/PP (n) | 138 (37.2%) | 3 (12.5%) | 6 (42.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 46 (38.0%) | 83 (53.9%) |
Vitamin B5 (n) | 155 (41.8%) | 3 (12.5%) | 6 (42.9%) | 1 (1.7%) | 52 (43.0%) | 93 (60.4%) |
Vitamin B6 (n) | 157 (42.3%) | 5 (20.8%) | 6 (42.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 52 (43.0%) | 94 (61.0%) |
Vitamin B7 / H (n) | 141 (38.0%) | 3 (12.5%) | 6 (42.9%) | 1 (1.7%) | 52 (43.0%) | 79 (51.3%) |
Vitamin B9 / folic acid (n) | 141 (38.0%) | 3 (12.5%) | 6 (42.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 51 (42.2%) | 81 (52.6%) |
Vitamin B12 (n) | 177 (47.7%) | 5 (20.8%) | 6 (42.9%) | 2 (3.5%) | 60 (49.6%) | 104 (67.5%) |
Vitamin C (n) | 213 (57.4%) | 22 (91.7%) | 5 (35.7%) | 5 (8.6%) | 83 (68.6%) | 98 (63.6%) |
Vitamin D3 (n) | 74 (20.0%) | 2 (8.3%) | 1 (7.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 44 (36.4%) | 27 (17.5%) |
Vitamin E (n) | 51 (13.8%) | 1 (4.2%) | 1 (7.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 31 (25.6%) | 18 (11.7%) |
Vitamin K (n) | 30 (8.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (7.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 18 (14.9%) | 11 (7.1%) |
Other Supplements | ||||||
Glutathione (n) | 127 (34.2%) | 4 (16.7%) | 5 (35.7%) | 3 (5.2%) | 34 (28.1%) | 81 (52.6%) |
Amino acids (n) | 115 (31.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (28.6%) | 2 (3.5%) | 21 (17.4%) | 88 (57.1%) |
Alphalipoic acid (n) | 52 (14.0%) | 1 (4.2%) | 2 (14.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 37 (30.6%) | 12 (7.8%) |
Coenzyme Q10 (n) | 39 (10.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (7.1%) | 1 (1.7%) | 17 (14.1%) | 20 (13.0%) |
Glucose (n) | 34 (9.2%) | 1 (4.2%) | 1 (7.1%) | 1 (1.7%) | 26 (21.5%) | 5 (3.3%) |
Solcoseryl (n) | 34 (9.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (7.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 29 (24.0%) | 4 (2.6%) |
Choline (n) | 12 (3.2%) | 2 (8.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 5 (4.1%) | 5 (3.3%) |
Collagen (n) | 11 (3.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (1.7%) | 9 (5.8%) |
Acetylcysteine (n) | 9 (2.4%) | 1 (4.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 8 (6.6%) | 0 (0.0%) |
Medications (n) | 9 (2.4%) | 3 (12.5%) | 1 (7.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (2.5%) | 2 (1.3%) |
Ginkgo biloba (n) | 5 (1.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (7.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.8%) | 3 (2.0%) |
Types of Subcutaneous Supplements | ||||||
Vitamin A (n) | 17 (4.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 7 (50.0%) | 4 (6.9%) | 0 (0%) | 8 (5.2%) |
Vitamin C (n) | 42 (11.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 5 (35.7%) | 4 (6.9%) | 0 (0%) | 31 (20.1%) |
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Kamiński, M.; Kręgielska-Narożna, M.; Soczewka, M.; Wesołek, A.; Rosiejka, P.; Szuman, S.; Bogdański, P. Characteristics of Websites Presenting Parenteral Supplementation Services in Five European Countries: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients 2020, 12, 3614. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123614
Kamiński M, Kręgielska-Narożna M, Soczewka M, Wesołek A, Rosiejka P, Szuman S, Bogdański P. Characteristics of Websites Presenting Parenteral Supplementation Services in Five European Countries: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients. 2020; 12(12):3614. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123614
Chicago/Turabian StyleKamiński, Mikołaj, Matylda Kręgielska-Narożna, Monika Soczewka, Agnieszka Wesołek, Paulina Rosiejka, Sara Szuman, and Paweł Bogdański. 2020. "Characteristics of Websites Presenting Parenteral Supplementation Services in Five European Countries: A Cross-Sectional Study" Nutrients 12, no. 12: 3614. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123614