Evaluation of the Accurateness of the Nutritional Labels of Processed and Ultra-Processed Products Available in Supermarkets of Ecuador
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods and Materials
2.1. Consistency of the Information Reported on the Nutrition Labels
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Components | Level | ||
---|---|---|---|
“Low” Concentration | “Medium” Concentration | “High” Concentration | |
Total Fat | ≤3 g per 100 g | >3 g and <20 g per 100 g | ≥20 g per 100 g |
≤1.5 g per 100 mL | >1.5 g and <10 g per 100 mL | ≥10 g per 100 mL | |
Sugar | ≤5 g per 100 g | >5 g and <15 g per 100 g | ≥15 g per 100 g |
≤2.5 g per 100 mL | >2.5 g and <7.5 g per 100 mL | ≥7.5 g per 100 mL | |
Salt (Sodium) | ≤120 mg per 100 g | >120 mg and <600 mg per 100 g | ≥600 mg per 100 g |
≤120 mg per 100 mL | >120 mg and <600 mg per 100 mL | ≥600 mg per 100 mL |
Total Products n % | Statement on Sweeteners % | Traffic Light Label % | Ingredient List % | Nutrition Table % | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sugar-sweetened beverages | 265 | 15.4 | 58.1 | 94.3 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Breakfast cereals and granola | 137 | 7.9 | 5.8 | 89.8 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Sausages | 61 | 3.5 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Canned foods | 179 | 10.4 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Cookies and crackers | 207 | 12.0 | 5.8 | 100.0 | 99.5 | 100.0 |
Fats and dressings | 210 | 12.2 | 1.4 | 93.3 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Dairy products | 133 | 7.7 | 15.8 | 91.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Bread and bakery products | 160 | 9.3 | 4.4 | 97.5 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Sweet snacks | 173 | 10.0 | 16.2 | 94.2 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Salty snacks | 125 | 7.3 | 0.0 | 98.4 | 97.6 | 100.0 |
Other | 75 | 4.4 | 17.3 | 42.7 | 88.0 | 100.0 |
Total | 1725 | 100.0 | 14.3 | 93.4 | 99.3 | 100.0 |
Low | Medium | High | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indicator Reported % | Indicator Expected % | Indicator Reported % | Indicator Expected % | Indicator Reported % | Indicator Expected % | |
Sugar indicator | ||||||
Sugar-sweetened beverages | 33.9 | 31.0 | 49.0 | 41.6 | 17.1 | 27.4 |
Breakfast cereals and granola | 11.6 | 10.7 | 27.3 | 30.6 | 61.2 | 58.7 |
Sausages | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Canned foods | 97.5 | 97.5 | 2.5 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 1.3 |
Cookies and crackers | 11.4 | 16.3 | 19.3 | 16.8 | 69.3 | 66.8 |
Fats and dressings | 40.4 | 39.8 | 19.3 | 24.6 | 40.4 | 35.7 |
Dairy products | 41.2 | 42.2 | 23.5 | 24.5 | 35.3 | 33.3 |
Bread and bakery products | 30.2 | 33.8 | 37.5 | 35.3 | 32.4 | 30.9 |
Sweet snacks | 2.6 | 2.6 | 9.0 | 3.9 | 88.4 | 93.6 |
Salty snacks | 87.4 | 85.4 | 7.8 | 9.7 | 4.9 | 4.9 |
Other | 43.5 | 43.5 | 26.1 | 4.4 | 30.4 | 52.2 |
Total | 38.1 | 38.4 | 23.2 | 21.5 | 38.7 | 40.1 |
Total fat indicator | ||||||
Sugar-sweetened beverages | 77.6 | 78.8 | 22.0 | 20.8 | 0.4 | 0.4 |
Breakfast cereals and granola | 33.1 | 29.8 | 63.6 | 62.0 | 3.3 | 8.3 |
Sausages | 6.7 | 6.7 | 80.0 | 86.7 | 13.3 | 6.7 |
Canned foods | 44.9 | 41.8 | 48.1 | 50.6 | 7.0 | 7.6 |
Cookies and crackers | 0.0 | 0.5 | 55.5 | 50.0 | 44.6 | 49.5 |
Fats and dressings | 52.6 | 56.7 | 19.3 | 15.2 | 28.1 | 28.1 |
Dairy products | 13.7 | 24.5 | 63.7 | 46.1 | 22.6 | 29.4 |
Bread and bakery products | 14.0 | 19.1 | 70.6 | 66.9 | 15.4 | 14.0 |
Sweet snacks | 38.1 | 39.4 | 14.2 | 14.2 | 47.7 | 46.5 |
Salty snacks | 0.0 | 0.0 | 20.4 | 12.6 | 79.6 | 87.4 |
Other | 39.1 | 43.5 | 56.5 | 47.8 | 4.4 | 8.7 |
Total | 34.5 | 36.1 | 40.6 | 37.0 | 25.0 | 26.9 |
Salt indicator | ||||||
Sugar-sweetened beverages | 99.2 | 97.6 | 0.8 | 2.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Breakfast cereals and granola | 43.8 | 44.6 | 52.9 | 52.1 | 3.3 | 3.3 |
Sausages | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 13.3 | 100.0 | 86.7 |
Canned foods | 6.3 | 3.8 | 63.9 | 66.5 | 29.8 | 29.8 |
Cookies and crackers | 19.8 | 14.9 | 65.8 | 65.4 | 14.4 | 19.8 |
Fats and dressings | 14.6 | 17.0 | 26.3 | 24.6 | 59.1 | 58.5 |
Dairy products | 65.7 | 62.8 | 23.5 | 25.5 | 10.8 | 11.8 |
Bread and bakery products | 14.0 | 14.7 | 75.7 | 71.3 | 10.3 | 14.0 |
Sweet snacks | 93.6 | 87.7 | 6.5 | 12.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Salty snacks | 11.7 | 13.6 | 53.4 | 54.4 | 35.0 | 32.0 |
Other | 52.2 | 43.5 | 39.1 | 47.8 | 8.7 | 8.7 |
Total | 43.8 | 42.1 | 38.2 | 39.1 | 18.1 | 18.9 |
Inconsistency in the TL Indicator | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total n % | TL Not Shown * % | Statement on Sweeteners % | TL Indicators ** % | Sugar % | Fat % | Salt % | ||
Sugar-sweetened beverages | 265 | 21.1 | 0.4 | 4.9 | 17.6 | 13.9 | 1.6 | 1.5 |
Breakfast cereals and granola | 137 | 24.8 | 0.0 | 6.6 | 23.1 | 5.0 | 7.4 | 6.6 |
Sausages | 61 | 36.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 20.0 | 0.0 | 13.3 | 23.0 |
Canned foods | 179 | 15.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 14.6 | 1.9 | 6.3 | 7.3 |
Cookies and crackers | 207 | 28.5 | 0.0 | 3.4 | 24.8 | 8.9 | 10.9 | 12.1 |
Fats and dressings | 210 | 32.9 | 0.5 | 1.4 | 31.6 | 17.5 | 9.9 | 10.0 |
Dairy products | 133 | 30.1 | 1.5 | 0.0 | 34.3 | 22.6 | 3.9 | 3.8 |
Bread and bakery products | 160 | 46.9 | 1.3 | 3.8 | 37.5 | 16.9 | 10.3 | 11.3 |
Sweet snacks | 173 | 21.4 | 0.6 | 3.5 | 15.5 | 6.5 | 9.7 | 9.8 |
Salty snacks | 125 | 24.0 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 17.5 | 3.9 | 8.7 | 13.6 |
Other | 75 | 25.3 | 0.0 | 5.3 | 60.9 | 21.7 | 34.8 | 10.7 |
Total | 1725 | 27.1 | 0.4 | 2.8 | 24.0 | 10.9 | 10.0 | 8.8 |
Calculated Indicator | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low | Medium | High | Consistency | ||
Reported Indicator | n | % | % | % | K |
Sugar | |||||
Low | 545 | 93.6 | 5.1 | 1.3 | 0.8888 |
Medium | 334 | 10.5 | 74.6 | 15.0 | 0.6858 |
High | 576 | 1.0 | 8.2 | 90.8 | 0.8421 |
Fat | |||||
Low | 494 | 93.3 | 6.5 | 0.2 | 0.8599 |
Medium | 599 | 10.7 | 80.8 | 8.5 | 0.7537 |
High | 362 | 0.6 | 6.6 | 92.8 | 0.8599 |
Salt | |||||
Low | 640 | 92.5 | 6.6 | 0.9 | 0.8867 |
Medium | 556 | 4.7 | 90.5 | 4.9 | 0.8401 |
High | 259 | 2.7 | 5.8 | 91.5 | 0.8729 |
Sugar | Fat | Salt | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reported indicator | OR | CI 95% | OR | CI 95% | OR | CI 95% |
Low | 1.0 | - | 1.0 | - | 1.0 | - |
Medium | 1.98 * | [1.15, 3.39] | 3.95 *** | [2.42, 6.45] | 0.50 * | [0.29, 0.85] |
High | 1.23 | [0.65, 2.35] | 0.71 | [0.34, 1.50] | 0.31 ** | [0.14, 0.68] |
Expected indicator | ||||||
Low | 1.0 | - | 1.0 | - | 1.0 | - |
Medium | 1.05 | [0.61, 1.81] | 0.28 *** | [1.72, 0.45] | 1.92 * | [1.12, 3.28] |
High | 0.91 | [0.48, 1.72] | 0.94 | [0.48, 1.87] | 4.16 *** | [1.96, 8.42] |
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Morales-Avilez, D.; Cruz-Casarrubias, C.; Tolentino-Mayo, L.; Encalada-Torres, L.; Abril-Ulloa, V. Evaluation of the Accurateness of the Nutritional Labels of Processed and Ultra-Processed Products Available in Supermarkets of Ecuador. Nutrients 2020, 12, 3481. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113481
Morales-Avilez D, Cruz-Casarrubias C, Tolentino-Mayo L, Encalada-Torres L, Abril-Ulloa V. Evaluation of the Accurateness of the Nutritional Labels of Processed and Ultra-Processed Products Available in Supermarkets of Ecuador. Nutrients. 2020; 12(11):3481. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113481
Chicago/Turabian StyleMorales-Avilez, Diana, Carlos Cruz-Casarrubias, Lizbeth Tolentino-Mayo, Lorena Encalada-Torres, and Victoria Abril-Ulloa. 2020. "Evaluation of the Accurateness of the Nutritional Labels of Processed and Ultra-Processed Products Available in Supermarkets of Ecuador" Nutrients 12, no. 11: 3481. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113481