Soluble Whey Protein Hydrolysate Ameliorates Muscle Atrophy Induced by Immobilization via Regulating the PI3K/Akt Pathway in C57BL/6 Mice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Preparation of Whey Protein Hydrolysates
2.2. Amino Acid Composition Analysis
2.3. Animals and Experimental Design
2.4. Dosage Information
2.5. Measurement of Grip Strength
2.6. The Toxicity Test of WP-S
2.7. Measurement of Muscle Weight and Protein Content
2.8. Histological Analysis of Muscle Cross-Sectional Area (CSA)
2.9. Quantitative Real Time-PCR (qRT-PCR) Assay
2.10. Western Blot Assay
2.11. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Comparison of Four Different Whey Protein Hydrolysates (AW-H, AW-S, WP-H, and WP-S) in Immobilization-Induced Muscle Atrophy Model
3.2. Comparison of the Efficacy of Four Different Whey Protein Hydrolysates on Muscle Protein Synthesis and Degradation
3.3. WP-S Increased Grip Strength, Muscle Mass, and Cross-Sectional Area of Muscle Fiber
3.4. WP-S Recovered the Imbalance between Muscle Protein Synthesis and Degradation
3.5. WP-S Changed Total Myosin Heavy Chain and Its Isoform Expressions
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Amino Acids | Contents (mg/g) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
AW-H | AW-S | WP-H | WP-S | |
Threonine | 35.6 | 36.5 | 54.0 | 54.8 |
Tyrosine | 24.9 | 25.4 | 22.3 | 23.0 |
Arginine | 18.4 | 18.7 | 18.9 | 19.4 |
Alanine | 39.1 | 38.6 | 39.3 | 39.6 |
Proline | 36.8 | 35.3 | 39.2 | 41.7 |
Lysine | 73.2 | 74.4 | 69.9 | 70.9 |
Histidine | 16.5 | 17.3 | 16.2 | 16.1 |
Isoleucine | 36.4 | 36.5 | 44.2 | 45.6 |
leucine | 88.9 | 88.8 | 81.3 | 81.9 |
Methionine | 17.5 | 17.7 | 17.4 | 16.8 |
Phenylalanine | 27.3 | 28.4 | 25.8 | 27.4 |
Valine | 31.1 | 31.3 | 40.2 | 41.9 |
Glutamine | 107.5 | 111.9 | 132.8 | 135.0 |
Aspartic acid | 79.4 | 81.9 | 58.9 | 86.4 |
Serine | 23.5 | 25.7 | 42.2 | 40.9 |
Glycine | 13.4 | 13.5 | 12.5 | 15.8 |
BCAAs | 156.4 | 156.5 | 165.7 | 169.4 |
Total AA | 669.4 | 681.8 | 715.0 | 757.1 |
Component | ||
Energy | kcal/100 g | 375.44 |
Carbohydrate | g/100 g | 14.64 |
Crude Fat | g/100 g | 3.72 |
Crude Protein | g/100 g | 70.85 |
Moisture | % | 4.02 |
Ash | % | 6.77 |
Gene | Forward (5′-3′) | Reverse (5′-3′) |
---|---|---|
atrogin-1 | AGA AAG AAA GAC ATT CAG AAC A | GCT CCT TCG TAC TTC CTT |
murf1 | AAG ACT GAG CTG AGT AAC TG | TAG AGG GTG TCA AAC TTC TG |
bnip3 | TTC CAC TAG CAC CTT CTG ATG A | GAA CAC CGC ATT TAC AGA ACA A |
myhc I | CTC AAG CTG CTC AGC AAT CTA TTT | GGA GCG CAA GTT TGT CAT AAG T |
myhc IIa | AGG CGG CTG AGG AGC ACG TA | GCG GCA CAA GCA GCG TTG G |
myhc IIx | GAG GGA CAG TTC ATC GAT AGC AA | GGG CCA ACT TGT CAT CTC TCA T |
myhc IIb | CAA TCA GGA ACC TTC GGA ACA C | GTC CTG GCC TCT GAG AGC AT |
gadph | TCG GTG TGA ACG GAT TTG | GGT CTC GCT CCT GGA AGA |
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Shin, J.E.; Park, S.J.; Ahn, S.I.; Choung, S.-Y. Soluble Whey Protein Hydrolysate Ameliorates Muscle Atrophy Induced by Immobilization via Regulating the PI3K/Akt Pathway in C57BL/6 Mice. Nutrients 2020, 12, 3362. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113362
Shin JE, Park SJ, Ahn SI, Choung S-Y. Soluble Whey Protein Hydrolysate Ameliorates Muscle Atrophy Induced by Immobilization via Regulating the PI3K/Akt Pathway in C57BL/6 Mice. Nutrients. 2020; 12(11):3362. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113362
Chicago/Turabian StyleShin, Ji Eun, Seok Jun Park, Seung Il Ahn, and Se-Young Choung. 2020. "Soluble Whey Protein Hydrolysate Ameliorates Muscle Atrophy Induced by Immobilization via Regulating the PI3K/Akt Pathway in C57BL/6 Mice" Nutrients 12, no. 11: 3362. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113362