Understanding Vietnamese Urban Consumers’ Nutrition Label Use, Health Concerns, and Consumption of Food and Beverages with Added Sugars
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Survey of Households and Individuals
2.2. Measuring Added Sugar Intake
2.3. Variables Explaining Sugary Food and Beverage Consumption
2.3.1. Main Explanatory Variables
2.3.2. Other Individual and Household Covariates
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Full Sample Analysis
3.2. Subsample Analysis
3.2.1. Adults
3.2.2. Adolescents
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
English Name | Vietnamese Name |
---|---|
Sweet sticky rice | Xôi ngọt có đường |
Sweet soup with sticky rice | Xôi chè |
Vietnamese hollow doughnuts | Bánh tiêu |
Sweet Popcorn | Bỏng ngô có đường/mật |
Floating cake (dessert wading in water) | Bánh trôi nước |
Sweet sticky rice cake | Bánh nếp (ngọt) |
Sponge cake | Bánh bò (bột gạo nếp) |
Sweet puffed rice | Bỏng gạo có đường |
Glutinous rice cake | Bánh gai |
Donuts (Vietnamese style) | Bánh cam (bánh rán) |
Corn sweet soup | Chè ngô |
Young rice cake | Bánh cốm |
Chè mixed beans (many types of bean) | Chè thập cẩm |
Tau Pho (tofu syrup) | Tào phớ (đậu hủ nước đường) |
Green bean sweet soup | Chè đỗ xanh |
Peanut candy | Kẹo lạc |
Black bean sweet soup | Chè đỗ đen |
Black sesame milk | Sữa mè đen |
Green bean cake | Bánh đậu xanh |
Black bean milk | Sữa đậu đen |
Dried jackfruit chips | Mít sấy |
Fried banana cake | Chuối chiên |
Banana ice cream | Kem chuối |
Sweet fruit mixture | Trái cây dầm |
Drinking yogurt | Sữa chua uống |
Soya milk | Sữa đậu nành có đường |
Pasteurized milk | Sữa tiệt trùng |
Sweet yogurt | Sữa chua có đường |
Sweetened condensed milk | Sữa đặc có đường |
Cream | Kem |
Glutinous rice yogurt | Sữa chua nếp |
Fresh fruit juice | Nước ép từ trái cây tươi |
Carbonated soft drink (e.g., Coke, Pepsi) | Nước ngọt có ga (v.d. Coca Cola, Pepsi) |
Instant coffee (3-in−1 with sugar and cream) | Cà phê hòa tan |
Bottled green tea | Trà xanh đóng chai |
Energy drink (e.g., Sting, Red bull) | Nước tăng lực (v.d. Sting, Red Bull) |
Milk tea | Trà sữa |
Lipton tea bag | Trà túi lọc Lipton |
Smoothie (e.g., avocado, strawberry) | Sinh tố (v.d. bơ, dâu) |
Sugarcane juice | Nước mía |
Lotus seed sweet soup | Chè hạt sen |
Fruit mix sweet soup (e.g., mango, pomelo) | Chè trái cây (v.d. chè xoài, chè bưởi) |
Banana sweet soup | Chè chuối |
Bottled herbal tea | Trà thảo mộc đóng chai |
Fruit milk/ Corn milk | Sữa trái cây/ Sữa ngô |
Bird nest drink | Nước yến |
Lemon tea | Trà chanh |
Lotus seed milk | Sữa hạt sen |
Hot cocoa liquid, with added sugar | Đồ uống ca cao thêm đường |
Cake in general | Bánh ngọt không nêu rõ |
Chewing gum | Kẹo cao su |
Choco pie cake | Bánh Chocopie |
Lollipop / candy | Kẹo mút / Kẹo |
Chicken thighs cake | Bánh đùi gà |
Egg cake (e.g., Custas cake) | Bánh ngọt nhân trứng (Bánh Custas) |
Banana cake | Bánh chuối |
Biscuits | Bánh qui |
Rice cake (sweet) | Bánh gạo ngọt |
AFC cake | Bánh AFC |
Birthday cake/Cheesecake | Bánh kem sinh nhật |
Sweet jelly | Thạch rau câu ngọt |
Cream puffs | Bánh su kem |
Caramel/ Flan | Caramen / Bánh Flan |
Chocolate | Kẹo Sô-cô-la |
Pig skin cakes | Bánh da lợn |
“Chè lam” cake | Bánh chè lam |
Coconut jams | Mứt dừa |
Theochew pastry | Bánh pía |
Fried sweet potato cake | Bánh khoai |
Cassava sweet soup | Chè sắn |
Taro sweet soup | Chè khoai môn |
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Variables | Definition | Mean | Sd. | Min | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent variable | |||||
SugarCalorie | Individual’s share of daily caloric intake from food and beverages with added sugars | 6.88 | 6.86 | 0 | 44.76 |
Key explanatory variables | |||||
LabelSugar | 1= Respondent uses nutrition labels to obtain information about sugar content in food products; 0= otherwise | 0.38 | 0.48 | 0 | 1.00 |
AvoidSugar | 1= Respondent avoids purchasing food and drinks with a high amount of sugar; 0= otherwise | 0.73 | 0.44 | 0 | 1 |
Control variables | |||||
Age | |||||
10–19 years | 1= Individual’s age is between 10 and 19 years | 0.15 | 0.36 | 0 | 1 |
19–29 years | 1= Individual’s age is between 20 and 29 years | 0.19 | 0.39 | 0 | 1 |
30–39 years | 1= Individual’s age is between 30 and 39 years | 0.23 | 0.42 | 0 | 1 |
40–49 years | 1= Individual’s age is between 40 and 49 years | 0.20 | 0.40 | 0 | 1 |
50–59 years | 1= Individual’s age is between 50 and 59 years | 0.14 | 0.35 | 0 | 1 |
60+ years | 1= Individual’s age is 60+ years | 0.09 | 0.29 | 0 | 1 |
Female | Gender of the individual (1= Female; 0= Male) | 0.54 | 0.50 | 0 | 1 |
RespAge | |||||
19–29 years | 1= Respondent’s age between 20 and 29 years | 0.14 | 0.35 | 0 | 1 |
30–39 years | 1 = Respondent’s age between 30 and 39 years | 0.28 | 0.45 | 0 | 1 |
40–49 years | 1 = Respondent’s age between 40 and 49 years | 0.32 | 0.47 | 0 | 1 |
50–59 years | 1 = Respondent’s age between 50 and 59 years | 0.20 | 0.40 | 0 | 1 |
60+ years | 1 = Respondent’s age is 60+ years | 0.06 | 0.24 | 0 | 1 |
RespEduc | Highest years of education completed by household respondent (years) | 10.86 | 3.16 | 1 | 19 |
Income | Monthly household expenditure per capita (million VND per month) | 2.51 | 1.36 | 0.43 | 29.65 |
Income2 | Monthly household expenditure per capita (million VND per month), squared | 8.16 | 25.53 | 0.18 | 878.9 |
Child_under5 | 1= Presence of at least 1 child aged below 5 years in the household; 0= No | 0.30 | 0.46 | 0 | 1 |
Child_5to9 | 1= Presence of at least 1 child aged 5 to 9 years in the household; 0= No | 0.26 | 0.44 | 0 | 1 |
Child_10to19 | 1= Presence of at least 1 child aged 10 to 19 years in the household; 0= No | 0.46 | 0.50 | 0 | 1 |
Smoker | 1= if any household member regularly smokes cigarettes; 0= No | 0.54 | 0.50 | 0 | 1 |
Hanoi | 1= Hanoi; 0= Ho Chi Minh City | 0.41 | 0.49 | 0 | 1 |
Instrumental variables | |||||
DistanceWetMarket | Distance to the nearest wet market (km) | 1.18 | 1.08 | 0.01 | 14 |
InfoSourceDoctor | 1= If the source of nutrition information is from medical professionals; 0= No | 0.68 | 0.47 | 0 | 1 |
HealthProblem | 1= If any household member has any diet-related health problems; 0= No | 0.14 | 0.35 | 0 | 1 |
Variables | Sugar Calorie | Label Sugar | Avoid Sugar |
---|---|---|---|
AvoidSugar | 0.565 | 0.169 | |
(1.812) | (0.130) | ||
LabelSugar | −5.406 *** | −0.919 ** | |
(1.880) | (0.416) | ||
Age (Ref: 10–19 years) | |||
20–29 years | −2.448 *** | −0.007 | −0.048 |
(0.397) | (0.028) | (0.035) | |
30–39 years | −3.830 *** | −0.007 | −0.044 |
(0.383) | (0.028) | (0.034) | |
40–49 years | −4.719 *** | 0.003 | 0.008 |
(0.343) | (0.024) | (0.031) | |
50–59 years | −4.545 *** | −0.000 | −0.018 |
(0.410) | (0.029) | (0.037) | |
≥60 years | −4.600 *** | −0.062 ** | −0.087 * |
(0.461) | (0.031) | (0.053) | |
Female | 3.047 *** | 0.009 | 0.006 |
(0.193) | (0.014) | (0.018) | |
RespAge (Ref: 21–29 years) | |||
30–39 years | 0.263 | −0.008 | −0.012 |
(0.374) | (0.026) | (0.034) | |
40–49 years | 0.880 ** | 0.012 | −0.042 |
(0.388) | (0.027) | (0.034) | |
50–59 years | 0.753 * | 0.001 | −0.048 |
(0.400) | (0.028) | (0.037) | |
≥60 years | −0.572 | 0.000 | −0.154 *** |
(0.575) | (0.041) | (0.050) | |
RespEduc | 0.171 *** | 0.021 *** | 0.024 ** |
(0.056) | (0.003) | (0.010) | |
Income | −0.126 | −0.025 ** | −0.085 *** |
(0.165) | (0.011) | (0.019) | |
Income2 | −0.003 | 0.000 | 0.003 *** |
(0.007) | (0.001) | (0.001) | |
Child_under5 | −0.526 ** | −0.016 | −0.057 ** |
(0.253) | (0.018) | (0.024) | |
Child_5to9 | 0.352 | 0.021 | 0.022 |
(0.242) | (0.017) | (0.023) | |
Child_10to19 | 0.255 | 0.034 * | 0.006 |
(0.257) | (0.018) | (0.026) | |
Smoker | 0.781 *** | 0.035 ** | 0.015 |
(0.207) | (0.014) | (0.021) | |
Hanoi | 0.831 ** | 0.175 *** | 0.130 * |
(0.406) | (0.016) | (0.075) | |
DistanceWetMarket | −0.021 *** | ||
(0.006) | |||
InfoSourceDoctor | 0.070 ** | ||
(0.030) | |||
HealthProblem | 0.154 *** | ||
(0.052) | |||
Constant | 7.390 *** | 0.003 | 0.948 *** |
(1.750) | (0.124) | (0.091) |
Age Groups | Male | Female | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
N | Mean (Sd.) | N | Mean (Sd.) | |
10–19 years | 377 | 9.91 (7.45) | 360 | 10.56 (7.36) |
20–29 years | 383 | 5.70 (5.89) | 508 | 9.21 (7.52) |
30–39 years | 508 | 3.96 (5.11) | 592 | 8.07 (6.94) |
40–49 years | 455 | 3.86 (4.99) | 481 | 7.30 (6.42) |
50–59 years | 317 | 4.05 (5.36) | 372 | 7.23 (7.19) |
≥ 60 years | 174 | 4.85 (6.38) | 257 | 6.39 (6.35) |
Variables | Male Adults (≥20 Years) (n = 1837) | Female Adults (≥20 Years) (n = 2210) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sugar Calorie | Label Sugar | Avoid Sugar | Sugar Calorie | Label Sugar | Avoid Sugar | |
AvoidSugar | −0.984 | 0.452 * | 1.671 | 0.160 | ||
(2.887) | (0.258) | (2.563) | (0.172) | |||
LabelSugar | −5.630** | −0.706 | −2.207 | −0.805 | ||
(2.437) | (0.495) | (3.073) | (0.567) | |||
AgeGroup (Ref: 20–29 years) | ||||||
30–39 years | −1.501 *** | −0.005 | −0.031 | −0.881 | −0.004 | 0.025 |
(0.439) | (0.038) | (0.045) | (0.650) | (0.043) | (0.053) | |
40–49 years | −1.901 *** | 0.011 | 0.054 | −2.700 *** | 0.001 | 0.033 |
(0.452) | (0.039) | (0.045) | (0.595) | (0.040) | (0.048) | |
50–59 years | −1.966 *** | −0.004 | 0.012 | −2.394 *** | 0.013 | 0.043 |
(0.440) | (0.038) | (0.044) | (0.582) | (0.039) | (0.047) | |
≥60 years | −0.665 | −0.037 | −0.029 | −2.856 *** | −0.087 ** | −0.045 |
(0.545) | (0.047) | (0.061) | (0.679) | (0.042) | (0.078) | |
Female | −1.501 *** | −0.005 | −0.031 | −0.881 | −0.004 | 0.025 |
(0.439) | (0.038) | (0.045) | (0.650) | (0.043) | (0.053) | |
RespAge (Ref: 21–29 years) | ||||||
30–39 years | −0.044 | −0.012 | −0.015 | −0.079 | −0.003 | −0.020 |
(0.466) | (0.040) | (0.047) | (0.692) | (0.046) | (0.056) | |
40–49 years | 0.766 | −0.001 | −0.074 | 1.174 * | 0.010 | −0.027 |
(0.526) | (0.046) | (0.052) | (0.649) | (0.043) | (0.053) | |
50–59 years | 0.689 | −0.016 | −0.094 | 0.983 | 0.010 | −0.025 |
(0.535) | (0.046) | (0.058) | (0.638) | (0.043) | (0.052) | |
≥60 years | −0.966 | −0.002 | −0.142 * | −0.517 | 0.042 | −0.153 ** |
(0.721) | (0.063) | (0.075) | (0.938) | (0.062) | (0.067) | |
RespEduc | 0.175 ** | 0.017 *** | 0.018 | 0.092 | 0.021 *** | 0.023* |
(0.070) | (0.005) | (0.011) | (0.090) | (0.004) | (0.014) | |
Income | −0.328 | −0.013 | −0.076 *** | 0.160 | −0.027 * | −0.092 *** |
(0.224) | (0.019) | (0.026) | (0.260) | (0.016) | (0.028) | |
Income2 | 0.008 | −0.000 | 0.003 *** | −0.013 | 0.001 | 0.003 *** |
(0.011) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.011) | (0.001) | (0.001) | |
Child_under5 | −0.328 | −0.023 | −0.069 * | −0.607 | −0.010 | −0.043 |
(0.357) | (0.030) | (0.040) | (0.378) | (0.025) | (0.031) | |
Child_5to9 | 0.361 | 0.034 | 0.041 | 0.472 | 0.023 | 0.027 |
(0.344) | (0.029) | (0.039) | (0.379) | (0.025) | (0.033) | |
Child_10to19 | 0.431 | 0.028 | 0.000 | −0.044 | 0.047 * | 0.008 |
(0.332) | (0.028) | (0.035) | (0.385) | (0.024) | (0.039) | |
Smoker | 0.827 *** | 0.026 | 0.006 | 0.781 ** | 0.034 * | 0.010 |
(0.277) | (0.023) | (0.029) | (0.322) | (0.020) | (0.029) | |
Hanoi | 1.341 ** | 0.195 *** | 0.105 | −0.065 | 0.158 *** | 0.080 |
(0.575) | (0.026) | (0.099) | (0.614) | (0.024) | (0.093) | |
Constant | 5.848 ** | −0.179 | 0.943 *** | 6.930 *** | 0.015 | 0.878 *** |
(2.539) | (0.227) | (0.134) | (2.331) | (0.156) | (0.113) |
Variables | Male Adolescents (11–19 Years) (n = 377) | Female Adolescents (11–19 Years) (n = 360) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sugar Calorie | Label Sugar | Avoid Sugar | Sugar Calorie | Label Sugar | Avoid Sugar | |
AvoidSugar | 27.474 | 0.594 | −18.951 ** | −0.451 | ||
(17.167) | (0.752) | (7.639) | (0.304) | |||
LabelSugar | −20.698 * | 0.516 | −28.394*** | −0.928 | ||
(10.834) | (1.163) | (8.095) | (0.698) | |||
RespAge (Ref: 21–29 years) | ||||||
30–39 years | 1.822 | 0.005 | −0.025 | −1.741 | −0.042 | −0.065 |
(3.061) | (0.143) | (0.161) | (3.312) | (0.149) | (0.152) | |
40–49 years | 4.910 | 0.086 | −0.117 | −1.253 | 0.025 | −0.005 |
(3.446) | (0.154) | (0.159) | (3.200) | (0.145) | (0.150) | |
50–59 years | 4.809 | 0.125 | −0.163 | −3.192 | −0.022 | −0.035 |
(4.151) | (0.182) | (0.184) | (3.668) | (0.166) | (0.171) | |
≥60 years | 5.890 | −0.076 | −0.166 | −2.119 | −0.067 | −0.074 |
(5.863) | (0.282) | (0.390) | (4.753) | (0.214) | (0.239) | |
RespEduc | 0.588 * | 0.022* | −0.011 | 0.691 ** | 0.026 ** | 0.020 |
(0.345) | (0.012) | (0.031) | (0.347) | (0.013) | (0.023) | |
Income | 2.665 | 0.008 | −0.040 | −0.340 | −0.049 | −0.127 |
(1.680) | (0.081) | (0.078) | (2.682) | (0.120) | (0.114) | |
Income2 | −0.192 | 0.002 | 0.001 | −0.298 | 0.001 | 0.014 |
(0.191) | (0.009) | (0.010) | (0.435) | (0.020) | (0.020) | |
Child_under5 | 0.796 | 0.010 | −0.031 | −2.206 | −0.019 | −0.052 |
(1.764) | (0.083) | (0.089) | (1.684) | (0.076) | (0.075) | |
Child_5to9 | 2.360 | −0.023 | −0.030 | −2.574 * | −0.019 | −0.035 |
(1.751) | (0.084) | (0.102) | (1.432) | (0.064) | (0.065) | |
Smoker | 4.598 * | 0.169 ** | −0.142 | 1.046 | 0.006 | 0.010 |
(2.507) | (0.075) | (0.152) | (1.199) | (0.054) | (0.055) | |
Hanoi | 3.305 | 0.181 *** | −0.110 | 7.509 *** | 0.243 *** | 0.263 |
(2.389) | (0.067) | (0.188) | (2.537) | (0.071) | (0.176) | |
Constant | −21.250 | −0.530 | 0.949 *** | 30.405 *** | 0.494 | 0.968 *** |
(17.033) | (0.756) | (0.267) | (9.377) | (0.386) | (0.251) |
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Nguyen-Anh, D.; Umberger, W.J.; Zeng, D. Understanding Vietnamese Urban Consumers’ Nutrition Label Use, Health Concerns, and Consumption of Food and Beverages with Added Sugars. Nutrients 2020, 12, 3335. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113335
Nguyen-Anh D, Umberger WJ, Zeng D. Understanding Vietnamese Urban Consumers’ Nutrition Label Use, Health Concerns, and Consumption of Food and Beverages with Added Sugars. Nutrients. 2020; 12(11):3335. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113335
Chicago/Turabian StyleNguyen-Anh, Duc, Wendy J. Umberger, and Di Zeng. 2020. "Understanding Vietnamese Urban Consumers’ Nutrition Label Use, Health Concerns, and Consumption of Food and Beverages with Added Sugars" Nutrients 12, no. 11: 3335. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113335