The Effect of Hypo-Hydration on Mood and Cognition Is Influenced by Electrolyte in a Drink and Its Colour: A Randomised Trial
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Design
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Osmolality
2.5. Body Mass
2.6. Mood
2.7. Episodic Memory: Word-List Recall
2.8. Focused Attention: Arrow Flanker Test
2.9. Working Memory
2.10. Reaction Time
2.11. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Effects of Interventions on Osmolality and Body Mass
Change in Hydration
3.2. The Influence of Six Interventions on Mood
3.2.1. Agreeable
3.2.2. Composure
3.2.3. Clearheaded
3.2.4. Energy
3.2.5. Elation
3.2.6. Confidence
3.3. The Effect of the Interventions upon Cognition
3.3.1. Arrow Flankers—Congruent Trials (<<<<<)
3.3.2. Incongruent Trials (<<><<)
3.3.3. Neutral Trials (□□<□□)
3.3.4. Memory
3.3.5. Serial Sevens
3.3.6. Reaction Times
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Intervention | Baseline Osmolality | Range | Change Osmolality | Range | Percent Change Body Mass | Range |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Drink | 651.3 (345.5) | 94–1115 | +101.4 (159.4) | −204–421 | −0.67 (0.26) | −1.24–−0.16 |
Electrolyte | n = 26 | n = 21 abcd | n = 25 abcd | |||
No Drink | 609.9 (257.2) | 135–1032 | +146.5 (160.1) | −117–508 | −0.66 (0.20) | −1.35–−0.42 |
Placebo | n = 26 | n = 25 efgh | n = 27 efgh | |||
Coloured Water | 640.0 (298.8) | 152–1159 | −18.7 (193.9) | −314–438 | −0.41 (0.30) | −1.28–+0.13 |
Electrolyte | n = 30 | n = 27 ae | n = 30 ae | |||
Coloured Water | 620.4 (283.1) | 128–1058 | −20.6 (117.9) | −364–313 | −0.41 (0.33) | −1.18–+0.09 |
Placebo | n = 29 | n = 27 bf | n = 28 bf | |||
Water | 672.1 (308.8) | 95–1108 | −32.1 (245.3) | −566–405 | −0.43 (0.35) | −1.42–+0.02 |
Electrolyte | n = 27 | n = 27 cg | n = 27 cg | |||
Water | 668.5 (284.5) | 131–1163 | −0.59 (195.9) | −401–315 | 0.41 (0.24) | −0.80–+0.15 |
Placebo | n = 29 | n = 27 dh | n = 28 dh |
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Cousins, A.L.; Young, H.A.; Thomas, A.G.; Benton, D. The Effect of Hypo-Hydration on Mood and Cognition Is Influenced by Electrolyte in a Drink and Its Colour: A Randomised Trial. Nutrients 2019, 11, 2002. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11092002
Cousins AL, Young HA, Thomas AG, Benton D. The Effect of Hypo-Hydration on Mood and Cognition Is Influenced by Electrolyte in a Drink and Its Colour: A Randomised Trial. Nutrients. 2019; 11(9):2002. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11092002
Chicago/Turabian StyleCousins, Alecia L., Hayley A. Young, Andrew G. Thomas, and David Benton. 2019. "The Effect of Hypo-Hydration on Mood and Cognition Is Influenced by Electrolyte in a Drink and Its Colour: A Randomised Trial" Nutrients 11, no. 9: 2002. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11092002
APA StyleCousins, A. L., Young, H. A., Thomas, A. G., & Benton, D. (2019). The Effect of Hypo-Hydration on Mood and Cognition Is Influenced by Electrolyte in a Drink and Its Colour: A Randomised Trial. Nutrients, 11(9), 2002. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11092002