Nutritional Deficiencies in Children with Celiac Disease Resulting from a Gluten-Free Diet: A Systematic Review
by
Giovanni Di Nardo 1
, Maria Pia Villa 1, Laura Conti 2, Giusy Ranucci 3, Claudia Pacchiarotti 1, Luigi Principessa 1, Umberto Raucci 4 and Pasquale Parisi 1,*
Giovanni Di Nardo 1, Maria Pia Villa 1, Laura Conti 2, Giusy Ranucci 3, Claudia Pacchiarotti 1, Luigi Principessa 1, Umberto Raucci 4 and Pasquale Parisi 1,*
1
Chair of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Psychology, NESMOS Department, Sapienza University of Rome, S. Andrea University Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy
2
Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy
3
Pediatric Unit, AORN Santobono-Pausilipon, 80129 Naples, Italy
4
Pediatric Emergency Department, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Nutrients 2019, 11(7), 1588; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071588
Received: 25 May 2019 / Revised: 4 July 2019 / Accepted: 12 July 2019 / Published: 13 July 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Diet and Celiac Disease)
Background: A strictly gluten-free diet (GFD) is the basis for managing celiac disease (CD). Numerous studies have reported nutritional deficiencies/imbalances ascribable to a GFD. The aim of this review is to describe nutritional deficiencies observed in children with celiac disease on a GFD, to discuss the clinical consequences related to these nutritional imbalances, and to identify strategies that may be adopted to treat them. Methods: We reviewed the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases between January 1998 and January 2019. Results: Children are, regardless of whether they are on a gluten-free diet or not, at risk of consuming too much fat and insufficient fiber, iron, vitamin D, and calcium. These imbalances may be exacerbated when children are on a gluten-free diet. In particular, the intake of folate, magnesium, zinc, and foods with a high glycemic index in children with CD who are on a GFD is significantly altered. Conclusions: Therapeutic protocols should include nutritional education to help teach subjects affected by disorders such as CD the importance of labels, the choice of foods, and the combination of macro- and micronutrients. Children with CD on a GFD should be encouraged to rotate pseudo-cereals, consume gluten-free commercial products that have been fortified or enriched, and use foods that are local and naturally gluten-free.
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MDPI and ACS Style
Di Nardo, G.; Villa, M.P.; Conti, L.; Ranucci, G.; Pacchiarotti, C.; Principessa, L.; Raucci, U.; Parisi, P. Nutritional Deficiencies in Children with Celiac Disease Resulting from a Gluten-Free Diet: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2019, 11, 1588.
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