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Nutrients
Volume 11
Issue 7
10.3390/nu11071588
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Communication

Nutritional Deficiencies in Children with Celiac Disease Resulting from a Gluten-Free Diet: A Systematic Review

by
Giovanni Di Nardo
1,
Maria Pia Villa
1,
Laura Conti
2,
Giusy Ranucci
3,
Claudia Pacchiarotti
1,
Luigi Principessa
1,
Umberto Raucci
4 and
Pasquale Parisi
1,*
1
Chair of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Psychology, NESMOS Department, Sapienza University of Rome, S. Andrea University Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy
2
Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy
3
Pediatric Unit, AORN Santobono-Pausilipon, 80129 Naples, Italy
4
Pediatric Emergency Department, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Nutrients 2019, 11(7), 1588; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071588
Received: 25 May 2019 / Revised: 4 July 2019 / Accepted: 12 July 2019 / Published: 13 July 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Diet and Celiac Disease)
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Abstract

Background: A strictly gluten-free diet (GFD) is the basis for managing celiac disease (CD). Numerous studies have reported nutritional deficiencies/imbalances ascribable to a GFD. The aim of this review is to describe nutritional deficiencies observed in children with celiac disease on a GFD, to discuss the clinical consequences related to these nutritional imbalances, and to identify strategies that may be adopted to treat them. Methods: We reviewed the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases between January 1998 and January 2019. Results: Children are, regardless of whether they are on a gluten-free diet or not, at risk of consuming too much fat and insufficient fiber, iron, vitamin D, and calcium. These imbalances may be exacerbated when children are on a gluten-free diet. In particular, the intake of folate, magnesium, zinc, and foods with a high glycemic index in children with CD who are on a GFD is significantly altered. Conclusions: Therapeutic protocols should include nutritional education to help teach subjects affected by disorders such as CD the importance of labels, the choice of foods, and the combination of macro- and micronutrients. Children with CD on a GFD should be encouraged to rotate pseudo-cereals, consume gluten-free commercial products that have been fortified or enriched, and use foods that are local and naturally gluten-free. View Full-Text
Keywords: celiac disease; gluten-free diet; gluten-free products; nutritional deficiencies celiac disease; gluten-free diet; gluten-free products; nutritional deficiencies
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited
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MDPI and ACS Style

Di Nardo, G.; Villa, M.P.; Conti, L.; Ranucci, G.; Pacchiarotti, C.; Principessa, L.; Raucci, U.; Parisi, P. Nutritional Deficiencies in Children with Celiac Disease Resulting from a Gluten-Free Diet: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2019, 11, 1588. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071588

AMA Style

Di Nardo G, Villa MP, Conti L, Ranucci G, Pacchiarotti C, Principessa L, Raucci U, Parisi P. Nutritional Deficiencies in Children with Celiac Disease Resulting from a Gluten-Free Diet: A Systematic Review. Nutrients. 2019; 11(7):1588. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071588

Chicago/Turabian Style

Di Nardo, Giovanni, Maria P. Villa, Laura Conti, Giusy Ranucci, Claudia Pacchiarotti, Luigi Principessa, Umberto Raucci, and Pasquale Parisi. 2019. "Nutritional Deficiencies in Children with Celiac Disease Resulting from a Gluten-Free Diet: A Systematic Review" Nutrients 11, no. 7: 1588. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071588

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