Post-prandial, randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over intervention | 24 overweight males and females (BMI: 29.2 ± 2.3 kg/m2; age: 50.9 ± 15.0 year) | High-carbohydrate, moderate-fat meal + Berry group: Strawberry powder, water-based beverage Control group: Placebo drink | 10 g powder | 1. Attenuation of the postprandial inflammatory response 2. Reduction in postprandial insulin response 3. No differences for PAL-1, IL-1β and TNF-α | [17] |
6-week, randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel intervention + post-prandial high carbohydrates fat meal | 24 overweight and obese males and females (BMI: 29.2 ± 2.3 kg/m2; age: 50.9 ± 15.0 year) | High-carbohydrate, moderate-fat meal + Berry group: Strawberry powder, water-based beverage Control group: Placebo powder, water-based beverage | 10 g powder | 1. Attenuation of the postprandial PAL-1 concentration and IL-1β response 2. No differences for platelet aggregation, hsCRP, TNF-α, insulin or glucose | [18] |
Post-prandial, randomized, controlled, 4-arm, crossover intervention | 21 males and females with abdominal obesity and insulin resistance (BMI 40.2 ± 7.2 kg/m2; age 39.8 ± 13.8 year) | High-fat breakfast + freeze-dried strawberry powder, beverage | Berry group: Group 1: 10 g Group 2: 20 g Group 3: 40 g Control group: 0 g powder (10 g powder is equivalent to 110 g fresh strawberries) | 1. Reduction in postprandial plasma insulin concentrations, insulin: glucose ratio, and rate of glucose and insulin increase by 40 g FDS 2. Reduction in Oxidized low-density lipoprotein by 20 g FDS 3. IL-6 was not different among treatments | [19] |
7-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over intervention | 20 obese males and females (13 Females: BMI, 35.6 ± 3.0 kg/m2; age, 31.8 ± 11.4 year; 7 Males: BMI, 32.3 ± 2.1 kg/m2; age, 29.4 ± 6.6 year) | Berry group: Strawberry powder, water-based beverage Control group: Placebo powder, water-based beverage | Powder equivalent to 320 g frozen strawberries | 1. Reduction in serum cholesterol, small HDL particles, small HDL-cholesterol and Na and CO2 concentrations in the blood 2. Increase in mean particle size of LDL 3. No difference in blood pressure | [20] |
12-week, randomized, controlled, parallel intervention | 60 males and females with abdominal adiposity and elevated serum lipids LD-FDS: 15 subjects (BMI, 34.5 ± 4.4 kg/m2; age, 50 ± 10 year) HD-FDS: 15 subjects (BMI, 38.0 ± 7.1 kg/m2; age, 49 ± 11 year) LD-C: 15 subjects (BMI, 37.0 ± 4.4 kg/m2; age, 48 ± 10 year) HD-C: 15 subjects (BMI, 35.0 ± 5.2 kg/m2; age 48 ± 10 year) | Berry group: Freeze-dried strawberry powder, water-based beverage Control group: Placebo powder, calorie- and fiber-matched water-based beverage | Berry group: Group 1 (LD-FDS): 25 g (equivalent to 250 g fresh strawberries); Group 2 (HD-FDS): 50 g (equivalent to 500 g fresh strawberries) | 1. Reduction in serum total and LDL-cholesterol, and NMR-derived small LDL particles by HD-FDS 2. Increase in Serum catalase activity by LD-FDS 3. Decrease in serum malondialdehyde by LD-FDS and HD-FDS 4. No effects on adiposity, blood pressure, glycemia, and serum concentrations of HDL cholesterol and triglycerides, C-reactive protein and adhesion molecules | [21] |
6-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel intervention | 36 males and females with type 2 diabetes (berry group: n = 19; BMI, 27.36 ± 4.23 kg/m2; age 51.9 ± 8.2 year; control group: n = 17; BMI, 28.58 ± 4.7 kg/m2; age 51.1 ± 13.8 year) | Berry group: Freeze-dried strawberry powder, water-based beverage Control group: Iso-caloric drink with strawberry flavoring | 50 g powder | 1. Increase of total serum antioxidant status 2. Decrease of serum malondialdehyde, glycated hemoglobin HbA1c, and hs-CRP concentrations 3. No effects on serum glucose concentrations and anthropometric indices | [22] |
12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over intervention | 17 males and females with radiographic evidence of knee OA (BMI: 39.1 ± 1.5 kg/m2; age: 57 ± 7 year) | Berry group: Freeze-dried strawberry powder, water-based beverage Control group: Placebo powder, water-based beverage | 2 × 50 g powder | 1. Decrease in interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1 and matrix metalloproteinase 2. Reduction in constant, intermittent, and total pain 3. No differences for hs-CRP, nitrite, glucose, and lipid profiles | [23] |
12-week, randomized, controlled, parallel intervention | 60 males and females with abdominal adiposity and elevated serum lipids (Age and BMI of subjects are identical to those in [21]) | Berry group: Freeze-dried strawberry powder, water-based beverage Control group: Placebo powder, calorie- and fiber-matched water-based beverage | Berry group: Group 1 (LD-FDS): 25 g (equivalent to 250 g fresh strawberries); Group 2 (HD-FDS): 50 g (equivalent to 500 g fresh strawberries) | 1. Increase in plasma antioxidant capacity 2. Increase in whole blood glutathione by LD-FDS and much higher by HD-FDS 3. No effects on glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase enzyme activities, plasma copper, iron, selenium and zinc | [27] |
8-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel intervention | 60 postmenopausal women (berry group 25 g FDS: n = 20; BMI, 31.0 ± 1.0 kg/m2; age 61 ± 1 year; 50 g FDS: n = 20; BMI, 32.7 ± 1.1 kg/m2; age 59 ± 1 year; control group: n = 20; BMI, 32.1 ± 0.7 kg/m2; age 58 ± 1 year) | Berry groups: Freeze-dried strawberry powder, water-based beverage Control group: Iso-caloric drink with strawberry flavoring | Berry group: Group 1: 2 × 25 g FDS (equivalent to three cups of sliced fresh strawberries); Group 2: 25 g FDS + 25 g placebo powder (equivalent to 1.5 cups of sliced fresh strawberries) | 1. Decrease of systolic BP and brachial- and femoral-ankle pulse wave velocity by 25 g FDS 2. Increase of plasma nitric oxide metabolite levels by 50 g FDS 3. No effect on diastolic blood pressure and metabolites | [28] |