Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet is Associated with Better Sleep Quality in Italian Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Dietary Assessment
2.4. Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet
2.5. Sleep Quality
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sleep Quality | |||
---|---|---|---|
Inadequate (n = 622) | Adequate (n = 1314) | p-Value | |
Sex, n (%) | 0.052 | ||
Men | 278 (44.7) | 526 (40.0) | |
Women | 344 (55.3) | 788 (60.0) | |
Age groups, n (%) | 0.161 | ||
<30 | 124 (19.9) | 226 (17.2) | |
30–49 | 218 (35.0) | 485 (36.9) | |
50–69 | 209 (33.6) | 416 (31.7) | |
≥70 | 71 (11.4) | 187 (14.2) | |
Educational status, n (%) | 0.119 | ||
Low | 224 (36.0) | 473 (36.0) | |
Medium | 248 (39.9) | 472 (35.9) | |
High | 150 (24.1) | 369 (28.1) | |
Occupational status, n (%) | 0.011 | ||
Unemployed | 131 (24.8) | 330 (29.2) | |
Low | 84 (15.9) | 181 (16.1) | |
Medium | 167 (31.6) | 273 (24.2) | |
High | 146 (27.7) | 345 (30.5) | |
Smoking status, n (%) | 0.595 | ||
Never smoker | 375 (60.3) | 820 (62.4) | |
Former smoker | 89 (14.3) | 187 (14.2) | |
Current smoker | 158 (25.4) | 307 (23.4) | |
Physical activity level, n (%) | 0.169 | ||
Low | 93 (16.6) | 236 (20.2) | |
Moderate | 291 (52.0) | 565 (48.4) | |
High | 176 (31.4) | 367 (31.4) | |
Health status, n (%) | |||
Hypertension | 292 (46.9) | 684 (52.1) | 0.036 |
Type-2 diabetes | 45 (7.2) | 101 (7.7) | 0.725 |
Dyslipidemias | 118 (19.0) | 238 (18.1) | 0.649 |
Cardiovascular disease | 57 (9.3) | 97 (7.6) | 0.198 |
Cancer | 19 (3.1) | 59 (4.5) | 0.134 |
Weight status, n (%) | 0.372 | ||
Normal | 267 (47.6) | 584 (47.2) | |
Overweight | 205 (36.5) | 425 (34.4) | |
Obese | 89 (15.9) | 228 (18.4) |
Mediterranean Diet Adherence Score * | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | p-Value | |
Overall sleep quality, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
Adequate | 272 (58.9) | 403 (68.0) | 440 (72.6) | 199 (72.4) | |
Inadequate | 190 (41.1) | 190 (32.0) | 166 (27.4) | 76 (27.6) | |
Sleep duration, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
>7 h | 246 (53.2) | 371 (62.6) | 376 (62.0) | 171 (62.2) | |
6–7 h | 111 (24.0) | 130 (21.9) | 137 (22.6) | 57 (20.7) | |
5–6 h | 65 (14.1) | 58 (9.8) | 74 (12.2) | 33 (12.0) | |
<5 h | 40 (8.7) | 34 (5.7) | 19 (3.1) | 14 (5.1) | |
Sleep disturbance, n (%) | 0.311 | ||||
None | 53 (11.5) | 54 (9.1) | 74 (12.2) | 35 (12.7) | |
Low | 335 (72.5) | 444 (74.9) | 451 (74.4) | 207 (75.3) | |
Medium | 74 (16.0) | 95 (16.0) | 81 (13.4) | 33 (12.0) | |
High | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Sleep latency, n (%) | 0.003 | ||||
Very short | 172 (37.2) | 253 (42.7) | 298 (49.2) | 135 (49.1) | |
Short | 153 (33.1) | 210 (35.4) | 181 (29.9) | 85 (30.9) | |
Medium | 101 (21.9) | 94 (15.9) | 97 (16.0) | 41 (14.9) | |
Long | 36 (7.8) | 36 (6.1) | 30 (5.0) | 14 (5.1) | |
Day dysfunction, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
None | 296 (64.1) | 433 (73.0) | 440 (72.6) | 201 (73.1) | |
Low | 75 (16.2) | 91 (15.3) | 93 (15.3) | 30 (10.9) | |
Medium | 35 (7.6) | 28 (4.7) | 27 (4.5) | 23 (8.4) | |
High | 56 (12.1) | 41 (6.9) | 46 (7.6) | 21 (7.6) | |
Sleep efficiency, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
High | 296 (64.1) | 433 (73.0) | 440 (72.6) | 201 (73.1) | |
Medium | 75 (16.2) | 91 (15.3) | 93 (15.3) | 30 (10.9) | |
Low | 35 (7.6) | 28 (4.7) | 27 (4.5) | 23 (8.4) | |
Very low | 56 (12.1) | 41 (6.9) | 46 (7.6) | 21 (7.6) | |
Self-rated sleep quality, n (%) | 0.043 | ||||
Very low | 14 (3.0) | 29 (4.9) | 15 (2.5) | 13 (4.7) | |
Low | 17 (3.7) | 15 (2.5) | 15 (2.5) | 0 (0) | |
Medium | 17 (3.7) | 26 (4.4) | 20 (3.3) | 11 (4.0) | |
High | 414 (89.6) | 523 (88.2) | 556 (91.7) | 251 (91.3) | |
Need medication to sleep, n (%) | 48 (10.4) | 70 (11.8) | 50 (8.3) | 24 (8.7) | 0.187 |
Mediterranean Diet Adherence Score | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | 1-Point Increment | |
OR (95% CI) * | |||||
Adequate sleep quality | 1 | 1.48 (1.15, 1.90) § | 1.85 (1.43, 2.39) § | 1.82 (1.32, 2.52) § | 1.10 (1.05, 1.16) § |
Sleep duration | 1 | 1.39 (1.04, 1.86) § | 1.29 (0.97, 1.71) | 1.35 (0.94, 1.92) | 1.07 (1.02, 1.12) § |
Sleep disturbance | 1 | 0.81 (0.51, 1.30) | 1.26 (0.82, 1.95) | 1.31 (0.77, 2.21) | 1.04 (0.97, 1.12) |
Sleep latency | 1 | 1.12 (0.84, 1.50) | 1.64 (1.23, 2.17) § | 1.52 (1.07, 2.16) | 1.07 (1.02, 1.12) § |
Day dysfunction | 1 | 1.12 (0.85, 1.49) | 1.42 (1.07, 1.88) # | 1.25 (0.88, 1.77) | 1.04 (1.00, 1.09) # |
Sleep efficiency | 1 | 1.36 (1.00, 1.84) # | 1.33 (0.98, 1.80) | 1.40 (0.95, 2.05) | 1.06 (1.01, 1.12) # |
Need medication to sleep | 1 | 0.67 (0.42, 1.07) | 1.34 (0.80, 2.25) | 1.05 (0.57, 1.93) | 1.03 (0.95, 1.11) |
Self-rated sleep quality | 1 | 1.04 (0.73, 1.48) | 1.16 (0.83, 1.64) | 1.30 (0.86, 1.98) | 1.04 (0.98, 1.09) |
Mediterranean Diet Adherence Score, 1-Point Increment Recalculated Excluding: | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fruit | Vegetable | Legume | Dairy | Whole-grain | Fish | Meat | Olive oil | Alcohol | |
OR (95% CI) * | |||||||||
Overall sleep quality | 1.12 (1.06, 1.18) § | 1.11 (1.06, 1.17) § | 1.10 (1.05, 1.17) § | 1.13 (1.07, 1.19) § | 1.09 (1.04, 1.15) # | 1.11 (1.06, 1.17) § | 1.10 (1.05, 1.15) § | 1.09 (1.03, 1.14) # | 1.10 (1.05, 1.15) § |
Sleep duration | 1.08 (1.02, 1.14) # | 1.07 (1.02, 1.12) # | 1.08 (1.03, 1.14) # | 1.08 (1.03, 1.14) # | 1.06 (1.01, 1.11) # | 1.07 (1.02, 1.13) # | 1.07 (1.02, 1.13) # | 1.04 (0.99, 1.09) | 1.06 (1.01, 1.11) # |
Sleep disturbance | 1.03 (0.95, 1.11) | 1.03 (0.95, 1.11) | 1.06 (0.98, 1.15) | 1.07 (0.99, 1.16) | 1.05 (0.97, 1.13) | 1.06 (0.98, 1.14) | 1.03 (0.96, 1.11) | 1.03 (0.96, 1.11) | 1.04 (0.97, 1.12) |
Sleep latency | 1.08 (1.03, 1.14) # | 1.09 (1.03, 1.14) # | 1.07 (1.02, 1.13) # | 1.07 (1.02, 1.12) # | 1.06 (1.01, 1.11) # | 1.08 (1.03, 1.14) # | 1.08 (1.03, 1.13) # | 1.06 (1.01, 1.11) # | 1.07 (1.02, 1.12) # |
Day dysfunction | 1.04 (0.99, 1.09) | 1.04 (0.99, 1.10) | 1.04 (0.99, 1.10) | 1.06 (1.01, 1.11) # | 1.05 (1.00, 1.10) # | 1.05 (1.00, 1.10) # | 1.05 (1.00, 1.10)# | 1.04 (0.99, 1.09) | 1.04 (0.99, 1.09) |
Sleep efficiency | 1.06 (1.00, 1.12) # | 1.07 (1.01, 1.12) # | 1.06 (1.01, 1.12) # | 1.09 (1.03, 1.15) # | 1.06 (1.01, 1.11) # | 1.06 (1.01, 1.12) # | 1.06 (1.01, 1.12) # | 1.05 (1.00, 1.11) # | 1.07 (1.02, 1.12) # |
Need medication to sleep | 1.04 (0.96, 1.14) | 1.03 (0.95, 1.12) | 1.03 (0.94, 1.12) | 1.02 (0.94, 1.10) | 1.03 (0.96, 1.12) | 1.04 (0.96, 1.13) | 1.04 (0.96, 1.12) | 1.02 (0.94, 1.10) | 1.02 (0.95, 1.10) |
Self-rated sleep quality | 1.03 (0.96, 1.09) | 1.04 (0.98, 1.10) | 1.04 (0.98, 1.11) | 1.04 (0.98, 1.11) | 1.05 (0.99, 1.11) | 1.04 (0.98, 1.10) | 1.04 (0.98, 1.10) | 1.03 (0.97, 1.10) | 1.04 (0.98, 1.10) |
Mediterranean Diet Adherence Score | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | 1-Point Increment | |
OR (95% CI) * | |||||
Normal/overweight | |||||
Overall sleep quality | 1 | 1.22 (0.87, 1.71) | 1.79 (1.27, 2.54) § | 2.30 (1.49, 3.54) § | 1.10 (1.04, 1.16) § |
Sleep duration | 1 | 1.32 (0.94, 1.83) | 1.29 (0.92, 1.79) | 1.32 (0.89, 1.97) | 1.06 (1.01, 1.12) # |
Sleep disturbance | 1 | 0.82 (0.47, 1.40) | 1.28 (0.77, 2.13) | 1.22 (0.67, 2.22) | 1.03 (0.95, 1.12) |
Sleep latency | 1 | 1.08 (0.77, 1.51) | 1.96 (1.40, 2.74) § | 1.62 (1.09, 2.41) § | 1.09 (1.03, 1.15) # |
Day dysfunction | 1 | 1.26 (0.91, 1.74) | 1.51 (1.09, 2.10) § | 1.27 (0.86, 1.88) | 1.03 (0.97, 1.08) |
Sleep efficiency | 1 | 1.32 (0.92, 1.88) | 1.29 (0.90, 1.84) | 1.48 (0.96, 2.28) | 1.04 (0.99, 1.10) |
Need medication to sleep | 1 | 0.62 (0.37, 1.04) | 1.24 (0.69, 2.23) | 0.97 (0.50, 1.89) | 1.01 (0.92, 1.10) |
Self-rated sleep quality | 1 | 0.97 (0.65, 1.46) | 1.27 (0.85, 1.89) | 1.31 (0.82, 2.08) | 1.04 (0.98, 1.11) |
Obese | |||||
Overall sleep quality | 1 | 0.91 (0.39, 2.15) | 1.11 (0.49, 2.50) | 1.12 (0.33, 3.79) | 1.12 (0.95, 1.32) |
Sleep duration | 1 | 1.67 (0.75, 3.73) | 1.58 (0.75, 3.36) | 2.68 (0.80, 8.96) | 1.09 (0.94, 1.26) |
Sleep disturbance | 1 | 1.38 (0.42, 4.54) | 1.71 (0.59, 4.92) | 3.41 (0.81, 14.36) | 1.20 (0.98, 1.49) |
Sleep latency | 1 | 1.08 (0.49, 2.36) | 0.69 (0.33, 1.43) | 0.65 (0.21, 2.01) | 0.89 (0.77, 1.03) |
Day dysfunction | 1 | 0.69 (0.32, 1.49) | 1.06 (0.52, 2.19) | 1.22 (0.39, 3.79) | 1.07 (0.93, 1.23) |
Sleep efficiency | 1 | 1.91 (0.81, 4.50) | 1.32 (0.61, 2.87) | 1.46 (0.44, 4.81) | 1.13 (0.97, 1.33) |
Need medication to sleep | 1 | 0.48 (0.09, 2.40) | 1.36 (0.24, 7.59) | 1.57 (0.40, 5.92) | 1.21 (0.87, 1.69) |
Self-rated sleep quality | 1 | 1.28 (0.54, 3.00) | 0.87 (0.38, 1.97) | 0.92 (0.25, 3.30) | 0.95 (0.81, 1.11) |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Godos, J.; Ferri, R.; Caraci, F.; Cosentino, F.I.I.; Castellano, S.; Galvano, F.; Grosso, G. Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet is Associated with Better Sleep Quality in Italian Adults. Nutrients 2019, 11, 976. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11050976
Godos J, Ferri R, Caraci F, Cosentino FII, Castellano S, Galvano F, Grosso G. Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet is Associated with Better Sleep Quality in Italian Adults. Nutrients. 2019; 11(5):976. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11050976
Chicago/Turabian StyleGodos, Justyna, Raffaele Ferri, Filippo Caraci, Filomena Irene Ilaria Cosentino, Sabrina Castellano, Fabio Galvano, and Giuseppe Grosso. 2019. "Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet is Associated with Better Sleep Quality in Italian Adults" Nutrients 11, no. 5: 976. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11050976