Dietary Intakes of Professional and Semi-Professional Team Sport Athletes Do Not Meet Sport Nutrition Recommendations—A Systematic Literature Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Nutrition for Team Sport Athletes
1.2. Objectives
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Protocol Registration
2.2. Search Strategy
2.3. Eligibility Criteria
2.4. Study Selection
2.5. Data Collection Process
2.6. Study Quality: Risk of Bias
3. Results
3.1. Study Selection
3.2. Study Characteristics
3.3. Dietary Intake of Team Sport Athletes
3.3.1. Energy Intake of Team Sport Athletes on Training Days
3.3.2. Energy Intake of Team Sport Athletes during Competition
3.3.3. Macronutrient Intake of Team Sport Athletes on Training Days
3.3.4. Macronutrient Intake of Team Sport Athletes during Competition
3.3.5. Micronutrient Intake
4. Discussion
4.1. Energy Intake of Team Sport Athletes
4.2. Macronutrient Intake of Team Sport Athletes
4.2.1. Carbohydrate Intake of Team Sport Athletes
4.2.2. Protein Intake of Team Sport Athletes
4.2.3. Fat Intake of Team Sport Athletes
4.2.4. Dietary Intake during Competition
4.3. Limitations
4.4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Description |
---|---|
Population | Professional and semi-professional team sport athletes |
Intervention OR exposure | Baseline dietary intake |
Comparison | Dietary intake in comparison to sports nutrition guidelines and recommendations. |
Outcomes | Meeting/not meeting sports nutrition guidelines and recommendations |
Study design | RCT (where baseline dietary intake data available), cross-sectional, longitudinal, thesis (unpublished and published) |
Concept | Keywords |
---|---|
Sport OR team sport | “sport*” OR “team sport*” OR “football” OR “soccer” OR “football” OR “netball” OR “AFL” OR “Aussie rules” OR “rugby” OR “basketball” OR “grid iron” OR “American football” OR “hockey” |
Dietary intake OR food intake | “nutrient requirement*” OR “dietary intake” OR “daily food intake” OR “food intake” |
Inclusion | Exclusion |
---|---|
1. Studies that include only team sport athletes. | 1. Studies that include only individual athletes or sports. |
2. Studies published since 2012. | 2. Studies published up to 2011. |
3. Studies that include only professional or semi-professional team sport athletes. | 3. Studies that include only non-professional or amateur team sport athletes. |
4. Studies that include only adult team sport athletes (i.e., >18 years of age). | 4. Studies that include adolescent and child team sports athletes (i.e., <18 years of age). |
5. English language studies. | 5. Non-English language studies. |
6. Studies that include quantitative measures of dietary intake that can be converted into units of intake per day for each nutrient. | 6. Studies that include nutrition habits, attitudes, educational strategies, knowledge, where dietary intakes cannot be compared. |
7. Studies that include the dietary assessment of total energy carbohydrate, protein fat, micronutrient intake (i.e., iron (mg/day), calcium (mg/day), folate etc.). | 7. Studies where only supplement or antioxidant intake is assessed. |
8. Studies that assess dietary intake using a validated method of assessment (i.e., 7 day food diary, 7 day weighed food diary, food records, 3 day food diaries, FFQ, diet histories etc.) and therefore estimates absolute dietary intake. | 8. Studies that assess dietary intake, however methods used provide dietary assessments represented in food groups, percentage of total energy etc. |
9. Only human studies that include; RCT (where baseline dietary intake data available), cross-sectional, longitudinal, thesis. | 9. No animal studies, RCT (where only post intervention dietary intakes available), conference posters, reviews, abstracts and web-based articles. |
10. Published and unpublished research (i.e., thesis). |
References | Participant Characteristics | Dietary Intake Data | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Author, Year | Sport | Country | Level | N (Gender) | Total Mass (kg) | Lean Mass (kg) | BF% | Energy Intake Reported (Estimated MJ Were Available) | CHO (g) | CHO (g·kg−1·day−1) | PRO (g) | PRO (g·kg−1·day−1) | Fat (g) | Fat (% TE) | Calcium (mg·day−1) | Iron (mg·day−1) | Quality Rating |
Anderson et al. [23], (2017) | Football (soccer) | England | P | n = 6 (male) | 80.5 ± 8.7 | 11.9 ± 1.2 | 65.0 ± 6.7 | 3186 ± 585 kcal·day−1 (13.3) | 330 ± 98 | 4.2 ± 1.4 | 205 ± 30 | + | |||||
Andrews and Itsiopoulus [25] (2016) | Football (soccer) | Australia | P, SP | n = 73 (male) | P 79.6 ± 7.7 SP 75.6 ± 7.6 | P 11,525 ± 1987 kJ·day−1 SP 10,831 ± 3842 kJ·day−1 (P 11.5 ± 2.0, SP 10.8 ± 3.8) | P 302.4 ± 72.3 SP 298.7 ± 148.5 | P 3.5 ± 0.8 SP 3.9 ± 1.8 | P 152.3 ± 27.7 SP 149.1 ± 46.8 | P 1.9 ± 0.3 SP 2.0 ± 0.6 | P 95.9 ±31.7 SP 85.8 ±37.8 | P 30.4 ± 7.3 SP 29.5 ± 7.4 | ∅ | ||||
Bettonviel et al. [24] (2016) | Football (soccer) | Netherlands | P | n = 14 (male) | 77.0 ± 8.6 | 2988 ± 583 kcal·day−1 (12.5) | 365 ± 76 | 4.7 ± 0.7 | 145 ± 24 | 1.9 ± 0.3 | 97 ± 26 | 29.0 ± 3.6 | ∅ | ||||
Bilsborough et al. [26] (2016) | Australian Football | Australia | P | n = 45 (male) | 86.8 ± 7.9 | [7.9 ± 1.8–10.5 ± 2.7] | [71.2 ± 6.8–76.8 ± 6.4] | [11.1–13.9] | [321 ± 142–379 ± 66] | 4.1 ± 1.6 | [118 ± 67–215 ± 60] | 1.9 ± 0.9 | [61 ± 29–110 ± 40] | [19.0 ± 5.0–33.1 ±6.7] | ∅ | ||
Bradley et al. [27] (2015) | Rugby Union | Europe (non-specified) | P | n = 14 (male) | F 110 ± 6.2 B 93.6 ± 5.9 | F 16.6 ± 1.25 MJ·day−1 B 14.2 ± 1.20 MJ·day−1 | F 3.5 ± 0.8 B 3.4 ± 0.7 | F 2.7 ± 0.5 B 2.7 ± 0.3 | F 32 B 33 | 1733 ± 694 | 24 ± 9 | ∅ | |||||
Bradley et al. [10] (2015) | Rugby Union | Europe (non-specified) | P | n = 20 (male) | F 109.3 ± 6.9 B 91.7 ± 6.6 | F 13 ± 3 B 9.3 ± 2 | F 94.9 ± 4.5, B 83.1 ± 5.4 | F 14.8 ± 1.9 MJ·day−1 B 13.3 ± 1.9 MJ·day−1 | F 3.3 ± 0.7 B 4.14 ± 0.4 | F 2.52 ± 0.3 B 2.59 ± 0.6 | ∅ | ||||||
Conejos et al [28] (2011) | Football (soccer) | Spain | P | n = 22 (male) | Fwd. 12.7 ± 2.9 MJ·day−1 M 14.0 ± 6.2 MJ·day−1 D 14.8 ± 2.6 MJ·day−1 G 12.2 ± 4.6 MJ·day−1 | Fwd. 342.5± 92.9 M 382.1 ± 187.2 D 419.1 ± 98.3 G 320.3 ± 11.9 | Fwd. 138.7 ± 27.5 M 144.8 ± 56.9 D 144.5 ± 19.9, G 142.8 ± 100.1 | Fwd. 120.3 ± 59.6 M 131.6 ± 62.6 D 124.5 ± 36.1 G 109.8 ± 45.3 | Fwd. 34.7 M 35.6 D 32.2 G 34.9 | Fwd. 1361.5 ± 549.0 M 1592.3 ± 966.1 D 1208.4 ± 457.1 G 1499.7 ± 1035.9 | Fwd. 13.4 ± 3.7 M 18.9 ± 9.7 D 22.6 ± 6.8 G 15.5 ± 10.2 | ∅ | |||||
Devlin et al. [43] (2017) | Australian Football (AF) Football (Soccer, F) | Australia | P, SP | n = 66 AF = 48, F = 18 (male) | AF (P) 87.8 ± 9.2 AF (SP) 82.9 ± 9.0 F (P) 75.6 ± 5.6 | AF (P) 15.1 ± 2.4, AF (SP) 16.7 ± 2.7 F (P) 12.8 ± 1.9 | AF (P) 65.4 ± 7.9 AF (SP) 61.2 ± 3.9 F (P) 56.8 ± 5.2 | AF (P) 17.3 ± 4.2 MJ·day−1 AF (SP) 13.2 ± 2.5 MJ·day−1 F (P) 9.4 ± 2.3 MJ·day−1 | AF (P) 406 ± 132 AF (SP) 368 ± 93 F (P) 220 ± 76 | AF (P) 4.6 ± 1.5 AF (SP) 4.5 ± 1.2 F (P) 2.9 ± 1.1 | AF (P) 295 ± 97 AF (SP) 171 ± 52 F (P) 140 ± 35 | AF (P) 3.4 ± 1.1 AF (SP) 2.1 ± 0.7 F (P) 1.9 ± 0.5 | AF (P) 29 ± 6 AF (SP) 28 ± 8 F(P) 33 ± 9 | ∅ | |||
Grams et al. [29] (2016) | Wheelchair basketball | Spain | P | n = 17 (male) | 75.5 ± 13.5 | 2673 ± 485 kcal·day−1 (11.2) | 3.9 [Range: 1.8–8.1] | 1.7 ± 0.6 | 33.7 ± 5.5 | + | |||||||
Gravina et al. [30] (2012) | Football (soccer) | Spain | P, SP | n = 28 (female) | 61 ± 8.4 | 16.7 ± 3.2 | 2271 ± 578 MJ·day−1 (9.5) | 33 ± 7 | + | ||||||||
Hidalgo et al. [31] (2015) | Football (soccer) | Mexico | P | n = 6 (male) | 68.3 ± 2.0 | 32.5 ± 1.0 | 3042 ± 56 kcal·day−1 (12.7) | 364 ± 17.5 | 5.4 ± 0.3 | 145 ± 14 | 2.2 ± 0.2 | 113 ± 6.3 | 33 ± 0.0 | ∅ | |||
Jenner et al. [3] (2018) | Australian Football | Australia | P | n = 46 (male) | 86.3 ± 9.4 | 10.8 ± 2.3 | 73.9 ± 9.1 | 9.1 ± 1.8 MJ·day−1 | 201 ± 56 | 2.4 ± 0.8 | 150 ± 30 | 1.8 ± 0.4 | 78.9 ± 20.0 | 32 ± 4.5 | 952 ± 287 | ∅ | |
Kirwan et al. [32] (2012) | American Football | America | SP | n = 15 (male) | 93.8 ± 15.3 | 70.5 ± 7.7 | 3518 ± 849 kcal·day−1 (14.7) | 353 ± 118 | 169 ± 52 | 160 ± 45 | ∅ | ||||||
MacKenzie et al. [33] (2015) | Rugby Union | Australia | P | n = 25 (male) | 100.2 ± 13.3 | 77.0 ± 7.0 | 13605 ± 3639 kJ·day−1 (13.6) | 352 ± 115 | 3.6 ± 1.3 | 211 ± 62 | 2.2 ± 0.7 | 101 ± 34 | 28 ± 5.0 | ∅ | |||
Molina-lopez et al. [36] (2013) | Handball | Spain | P | n = 14 (male) | 86.7 ± 5.4 | 11.6 ± 2.5 | 2974.5 ± 211.1 kcal·day−1 (12.4) | 360.9 ± 27.6 | 4.2 ±0.4 | 133.4 ±14.3 | 1.5 ± 0.2 | 118.6 ± 22.5 | 1251.4 ± 338.2 | 24.2 ± 8.5 | ∅ | ||
Ono et al. [34] (2011) | Football (soccer) | England | P | n = 24 (male) | [2648-4606 kcal·day−1] (11.1–19.3) | 505.2 ± 120 | 141.7 ± 22.8 | ∅ | |||||||||
Potgieter, et al. [35] (2014) | Rugby Union | South Africa | SP | n = 11 (male) | 95.5 ± 13.6 | 18.2 ± 5.7 | 79.7 ± 9.0 | 45.4 ± 9.0 kcal·kg−1·day−1 | 4.3 ± 0.4 | 2.4 ± 0.7 | 33.8 ± 4.3 | 1250 ± 403 | ∅ | ||||
Raizel et al. [37] (2017) | Football (soccer) | Brazil | P | n = 19 (male) | 71.8 ± 8.2 | 4.9 ± 1.5 | 40.74 ± 12.8 kcal·kg−1·day−1 | 5.4 ± 1.9 | 136.4 ± 57.4 | 1.9 ± 0.8 | 91.2 ± 35.9 | ∅ | |||||
Tooley et al. [2] (2015) | Rugby League | UK | P | n = 10 (male) | 97.3 ± 3.1 | 3731 ± 164 kcal·day−1 (15.6) | 467 ± 24 | 4.9 ± 0.3 | 209 ± 10 | 2.2 ± 0.2 | 124 ± 10 | 30 ± 1.0 | ∅ | ||||
Valliant et al. [38] (2012) | Volleyball | America | SP | n = 11 (female) | 75.4 ± 13.4 | 24.5 ± 5.9 | 1756 ± 557.5 kcal·day−1 (7.3) | 224.3 ± 64.4 | 3.08 ± 1.1 | 69.3 ± 26.8 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 67.4 ± 27.8 | 33.7 ± 6.4 | ∅ | |||
Vermeulen et al. [39] (2017) | Ice-hockey | Canada | SP | n = 25 (female) | 67.0 ± 1.7 | 2354 ± 74 kcal·day−1 (9.8) | 305 ± 15 | 4.6 ± 0.2 | 91 ± 4 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 82 ± 4 | 32 ± 1.0 | 1041 ± 64 | 19 ± 3 | ∅ |
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Jenner, S.L.; Buckley, G.L.; Belski, R.; Devlin, B.L.; Forsyth, A.K. Dietary Intakes of Professional and Semi-Professional Team Sport Athletes Do Not Meet Sport Nutrition Recommendations—A Systematic Literature Review. Nutrients 2019, 11, 1160. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11051160
Jenner SL, Buckley GL, Belski R, Devlin BL, Forsyth AK. Dietary Intakes of Professional and Semi-Professional Team Sport Athletes Do Not Meet Sport Nutrition Recommendations—A Systematic Literature Review. Nutrients. 2019; 11(5):1160. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11051160
Chicago/Turabian StyleJenner, Sarah L., Georgina L. Buckley, Regina Belski, Brooke L. Devlin, and Adrienne K. Forsyth. 2019. "Dietary Intakes of Professional and Semi-Professional Team Sport Athletes Do Not Meet Sport Nutrition Recommendations—A Systematic Literature Review" Nutrients 11, no. 5: 1160. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11051160
APA StyleJenner, S. L., Buckley, G. L., Belski, R., Devlin, B. L., & Forsyth, A. K. (2019). Dietary Intakes of Professional and Semi-Professional Team Sport Athletes Do Not Meet Sport Nutrition Recommendations—A Systematic Literature Review. Nutrients, 11(5), 1160. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11051160