Impact of rice bran derived bioactive chemical compounds |
Leaf, RB, brown and polished rice grains | Leaf samples (Habataki and Nipponbare cultivars) Brown rice sample (Nipponbare and Koshihikari cultivars) Bran and polished rice (sourced from a local market in Japan)
| | | Flavonoids such as tricin, tricin 7-O-rutinoside and tricin 7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside were mainly present in the leaf and bran Tricin 4′-O-(erythro-β-guaiacylglyceryl) ether and isoscoparin 2″-O-(6‴-(E)-feruloyl)-glucopyranoside showed the most potent activity for inhibiting NO production and DPPH radical-scavenging, respectively
| [28] |
Feruloylated oligosaccharides from RB | Unknown | In vitro cell culture, RAW264.7 cells | RAW264.7 cells were incubated with different concentrations of feruloylated oligosaccharides that were induced with or without lipopolysaccharide (LPS) LPS Cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, NO, and IL-10) and PGE2 were examined
| | [29] |
RB policosanol extract | Unknown (sourced from Bernas milling factory in Kuala Selangor, Malaysia) | In vitro animal, Sprague–Dawley rat platelets | | | [30] |
RB enzymatic extract | Unknown | In vivo animal, ApoE−/− mice (n = 15) | | | [34] |
RB enzymatic extract | Unknown | In vivo animal, ApoE−/− mice (n = 5–15) | | | [18] |
RB enzymatic extract | Unknown (sourced from Dr. Juan Parrado from University of Seville) | In vivo animal, Zucker rats (n = 7) | | | [35] |
RB enzymatic extract | Unknown | In vivo animal, Zucker rats (n = 7) | | ↑ eNOS protein ↓ Endothelial dysfunction and vascular hyperreactivity ↓ Aortic iNOS and TNF-α expression ↓ O2− production ↓ NADPH oxidase regulation
| [36] |
Resveratrol formulation with 5% quercetin and 5% RB phytate (commercially known as Longevinex) | Unknown | In vivo animal, Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 4–6) | 1–3 months trial Rats were gavaged with either Longevinex or vehicle (5% quercetin plus 5% RB phytate) After 1 or 3 months, the rats were sacrificed and isolated working hearts were subjected to 30 min ischemia followed by 2 h of reperfusion
| Improved aortic flow and left ventricular function ↓ Myocardial infarct size ↑ Survival signals via phosphorylation of Akt ↑ Formation of LC3-II (from LC3-I) and Beclin-1 ↑ Sirt1 (nuclear) and Sirt3 (mitochondria) ↑ Anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 ↓ Pro-apoptotic protein Bax
| [31] |
RB enzymatic extract | Unknown | In vivo animal, male Wistar rats (n = 50) | At 12 weeks, the rats were gavaged with RB enzymatic extract (10 g kg−1) Blood, plasma urine and faeces were collected Antioxidant effect was examined
| Total of 25 ferulic acid metabolites were found in the plasma and urine. In the faeces, colonic metabolism led to simpler phenolic compounds O2− production was eliminated
| [37] |
Navy bean and RB | Unknown (RB was sourced from US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Dale Bumpers National Rice Research Centre) | In vivo human, children with dyslipidaemia (n = 38) | 4-week trial Control = no navy bean or RB Test = 17.5 g/day cooked navy bean powder, 15 g/day heat-stabilized RB or 9 g/day navy beans and 8 g/day RB Several biochemical parameters were examined
| After RB consumption:
After consumption of RB combined with navy bean:
↑ Lipid metabolites ↓ Carnitine
| [32] |
Acylated steryl glucosides (PSG) | Unknown | In vivo human, post-menopausal Vietnamese women (n = 60) | | ↓ Serum LDL ↓ TNF-α levels
| [27] |
Whole-grain cold breakfast cereal, dark bread, oatmeal, brown rice, popcorn, bran and germ | Unknown | In vivo human (n = 71,750 women and 42,823 men) | Follow up study from 1984 and 1986 through to 2010 Using a Cox proportional hazards model, whole grain consumption in relation to ischemic stroke was examined
| | [38] |
Impact of rice bran derived bioactive peptides |
RB bioactive peptides | Unknown | In vitro cell culture, Human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVECs) | | ↓ H2O2 induced cell morphology changes ↓ H2O2 induced cell apoptosis ↓ Protein levels of cleaved caspase-3 and p-p65
| [39] |
RB protein hydrolysate | Jasmine rice (Hom Mali 105) | In vivo animal, Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 16) | 16-week trial Rats were fed either a standard chow and tap water or a high-carbohydrate and high-fat diet and 15% fructose solution For the final 6-weeks, rats were orally gavaged with RB protein hydrolysate (250 or 500 mg/kg/day)
| ↑ Plasma nitrate/nitrite level ↑ Aortic eNOS expression ↓ Hypertension ↓ Hyperglycemia ↓ Insulin resistance ↓ Dyslipidemia ↓ Aortic pulse wave velocity ↓ Aortic wall hypertrophy ↓ ACE inhibitory activity ↓ TNF-α ↓ Plasma malondialdehyde ↓ O2− production ↓ p47phox NADPH oxidase expression
| [40] |
RB protein hydrolysate | Jasmine rice (Hom Mali 105) | In vivo animal, Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = unknown) | | | [41] |
Impact of rice bran oil |
Esterified RB oil | Unknown | | Gas chromatography (GC) analysis of fatty acid methyl esters DPPH assay Cellular cytotoxicity, RNA extraction and real-time-PCR was conducted
| | [42] |
RB oil | Unknown (sourced from a local supermarket, Mysuru, India) | In vivo animal, male Wistar rats (n = unknown) | | Regular RB oil diet containing unsaponifiable fraction:
↓ Pro-inflammatory mediators like ROS (O2− and NO), eicosanoids (PGE2, TXB2, LTB4, and LTC4), cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) and hydrolytic enzyme (collagenase, elastase and hyaluronidase) Physically refined RB oil diet:
| [44] |
Coconut oil, canola oil, and physically refined RB oil | Unknown (RB oil was sourced from TSUNO, Osaka, Japan) | In vivo animal, Experiment 1 8-week-old male F1B golden hamsters (n = 30) Experiment 210-week-old male F1B golden hamsters (n = 36) | Experiment 1
Experiment 2
| RB oil diet resulted in:
↑ Neutral sterol excretion with no effect on bile acid excretion ↑ Intestinal HMG-CoA reductase activity ↓ Hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity ↓ Aortic fatty streak ↓ Plasma total cholesterol ↓ Cholesterol absorption ↓ LDL
| [45] |
Coconut oil with blended RB oil or sesame oil | Unknown (RB oil was provided by A.P. Solvex Limited, Dhuri, India) | In vivo animal, male Wistar rats (n = 6) | | | [47] |
Palm oil, RB oil and coconut oil. | Unknown (sourced from Alfa OneTM Rice Bran Oil; Hansell Food Group) | In vivo human, healthy participants (n = 26) | 16-month trial (August 2014 and December 2015) Single-blind, randomised cross-over study of atherogenic risk in normolipidaemic subjects after ingestion of isoenergetic meals with either palm oil, RB or coconut oil
| Palm oil diet: ↑ Susceptibility to develop exaggerated chylomicron remnantaemia which may contribute to atherogenic risk RB or coconut oil diet:
| [48] |
RB oil | Unknown (prepared by the Arian Top Noosh Company, Tehran, Iran) | In vivo human, hyperlipidemic participants (n = 50) | | ↓ Weight, body mass index, waist, and hip circumferences ↓ Total cholesterol, LDL, and the atherogenic ratio of total cholesterol/HDL
| [49] |
RB and sunflower oil | Unknown | In vivo human, hyperlipidaemia participants (n = 14) | 3-month trial Participants consumed either RB oil or refined sunflower oil Serum lipids, anthropometry, dietary and physical activity patterns were examined
| | [50] |
Blend (70:30) of RB and safflower oil | Unknown (sourced from Saffola® Total, Marico Ltd., India) | In vivo human, hyperlipidemic participants (n = 80) | | | [51] |
RB and sesame blend (80:20) | Unknown (sourced from Adani Wilmar Limited, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India) | In vivo human, mild-to-moderate hypertensive (n = 300) and normotensive subjects (n = 100) | | Normotensives treated with RB/sesame oil blend: = Lipid profile Hypertensives treated with RB/sesame oil blend:↓ Total cholesterol ↓ Triglyceride ↓ LDL ↓ HDL Hypertensives treated with the combination of RB/sesame oil blend and nifedipine:↓ Blood pressure ↓ Total cholesterol ↓ Triglyceride ↓ LDL ↑ HDL
| [53] |
RB and safflower blend (80:20) | Unknown | In vivo human, hyperlipidaemia patients (n = 73) | 3-month trial Double-blind, controlled, randomised parallel-group study Participants consumed either study oil (safflower and RB oil blend) or control oil (usual cooking oil) The lipid profile was examined monthly
| | [52] |