Associations between 100% Orange Juice Consumption and Dietary, Lifestyle and Anthropometric Characteristics in a Cross-Sectional Study of U.S. Children and Adolescents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. OJ Intake
2.3. Anthropometric Data
2.4. Other Variables
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Characteristics
3.2. Demographic and Anthropometric Characteristics of Participants by OJ Consumption
3.3. Dietary and Lifestyle Characteristics of Participants by OJ Consumption
3.4. Likelihood of Obesity and Overweight by OJ Consumption
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | GUTS I | GUTS II | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Boys | Girls | Boys | Girls | |
N | 7633 | 8799 | 4581 | 5541 |
Age (y) | 12.0 ± 1.6 | 12.1 ± 1.6 | 13.0 ± 1.9 | 13.1 ± 1.9 |
Non-Hispanic white | 93.2 | 93.2 | 94.1 | 92.4 |
Height (cm) | 150.9 ± 13.1 | 149.8 ± 11.8 | 159.4 ± 14.2 | 155.9 ± 10.3 |
HAZ | 0.07 ± 1.11 | −0.08 ± 1.09 | 0.05 ± 1.13 | −0.08 ± 1.07 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 19.3 ± 3.6 | 19.2 ± 3.6 | 20.5 ± 3.9 | 20.3 ± 3.8 |
BMI z-score | 0.24 ± 1.06 | 0.10 ± 1.01 | 0.30 ± 1.06 | 0.16 ± 0.97 |
BMI-for-age percentile | 57.6 ± 29.3 | 53.4 ± 28.9 | 58.9 ± 29.2 | 55.4 ± 27.7 |
Obese 1 | 9.20 | 5.67 | 10.0 | 5.78 |
Overweight 1 | 14.4 | 12.6 | 15.3 | 12.3 |
Normal weight 1 | 72.1 | 77.1 | 70.7 | 78.1 |
Underweight 1 | 4.27 | 4.67 | 3.99 | 3.79 |
Moderate/vigorous physical activity (MET-hrs/wk) 2 | 119.5 ± 74.3 | 88.6 ± 61.1 | 92.8 ± 67.6 | 68.0 ± 50.8 |
Screen time (hrs/wk) 3 | 31.8 ± 17.3 | 25.4 ± 14.8 | 24.4 ± 17.0 | 19.3 ± 14.0 |
Total energy intake (kcal/d) | 2294 ± 719 | 2052 ± 647 | 2327 ± 757 | 1957 ± 658 |
Total energy intake excluding OJ (kcal/d) | 2255 ± 708 | 2019 ± 638 | 2295 ± 747 | 1929 ± 648 |
Fruits (svg/d) 4 | 0.96 ± 0.75 | 1.04 ± 0.77 | 0.93 ± 0.76 | 1.00 ± 0.76 |
Non-starchy vegetables (svg/d) 4 | 0.96 ± 0.78 | 1.09 ± 0.85 | 0.98 ± 0.81 | 1.13 ± 0.88 |
OJ intake (glasses/wk) 4 | 3.22 ± 1.47 | 3.04 ± 1.45 | 2.65 ± 3.38 | 2.23 ± 3.04 |
Never/less than 1 glass per month | 13.9 | 16.7 | 19.7 | 25.3 |
1–3 glasses per month | 23.6 | 25.3 | 23.8 | 25.1 |
1 glass per week | 17.5 | 18.1 | 17.3 | 15.7 |
2–6 glasses per week | 24.2 | 21.8 | 23.1 | 20.5 |
1 glass per day | 14.2 | 13.2 | 11.5 | 10.6 |
More than 1 glass per day | 6.75 | 4.86 | 4.54 | 2.83 |
Characteristics | Never or <1 Glass Per Month | 1–3 Glasses per Month | 1–6 Glasses per Week | 1 Glass per Day | >1 Glass per Day | p-Trend * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys | ||||||
N | 1962 | 2890 | 5030 | 1609 | 723 | |
Age (y) | 12.3 ± 1.8 | 12.5 ± 1.8 | 12.6 ± 1.8 | 12.5 ± 1.8 | 12.7 ± 1.8 | <0.0001 |
Non-Hispanic white | 93.1 | 93.6 | 93.6 | 93.9 | 93.4 | 0.4612 |
Height (cm) | 152.2 ± 14.2 | 153.7 ± 13.9 | 154.8 ± 14.1 | 154.4 ± 14.0 | 156.0 ± 14.4 | <0.0001 |
HAZ | −0.03 ± 1.12 | 0.05 ± 1.13 | 0.08 ± 1.11 | 0.13 ± 1.10 | 0.12 ± 1.11 | 0.0001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 19.6 ± 3.9 | 19.9 ± 3.9 | 19.8 ± 3.7 | 19.5 ± 3.5 | 19.6 ± 3.5 | 0.2019 |
BMI z-score | 0.23 ± 1.12 | 0.31 ± 1.08 | 0.28 ± 1.04 | 0.21 ± 1.05 | 0.20 ± 1.00 | 0.1019 |
BMI-for-age percentile | 56.9 ± 30.3 | 59.3 ± 29.7 | 58.4 ± 28.9 | 56.9 ± 28.7 | 56.4 ± 28.0 | 0.1992 |
Obese 1 | 10.2 | 10.9 | 9.30 | 7.83 | 6.78 | <0.0001 |
Overweight/obese 1 | 24.6 | 26.9 | 24.2 | 21.6 | 19.1 | <0.0001 |
Girls | ||||||
N | 2875 | 3617 | 5518 | 1745 | 585 | |
Age (y) | 12.2 ± 1.9 | 12.2 ± 1.9 | 12.2 ± 1.9 | 12.2 ± 1.9 | 12.3 ± 1.8 | 0.1421 |
Non-Hispanic white | 93.0 | 92.6 | 93.0 | 94.0 | 90.3 | 0.8409 |
Height (cm) | 151.3 ± 11.6 | 152.1 ± 11.4 | 152.5 ± 11.7 | 152.3 ± 11.8 | 153.2 ± 11.9 | 0.0003 |
HAZ | −0.16 ± 1.09 | −0.07 ± 1.09 | −0.06 ± 1.07 | −0.04 ± 1.06 | −0.03 ± 1.13 | 0.0031 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 19.6 ± 3.8 | 19.8 ± 3.9 | 19.6 ± 3.6 | 19.3 ± 3.4 | 19.8 ± 3.8 | 0.4976 |
BMI z-score | 0.13 ± 1.03 | 0.17 ± 1.01 | 0.11 ± 0.98 | 0.05 ± 0.98 | 0.15 ± 0.99 | 0.4011 |
BMI-for-age percentile | 54.6 ± 29.0 | 55.3 ± 28.7 | 53.7 ± 28.2 | 52.2 ± 28.4 | 54.8 ± 28.1 | 0.3226 |
Obese 1 | 6.05 | 7.22 | 5.00 | 4.00 | 6.67 | 0.0016 |
Overweight/obese 1 | 19.3 | 20.0 | 17.2 | 15.3 | 19.3 | 0.0006 |
Characteristics | Never or <1 Glass per Month | 1–3 Glasses per Month | 1–6 Glasses per Week | 1 Glass per Day | >1 Glass per Day | p-Trend* |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys | ||||||
N | 1962 | 2890 | 5030 | 1609 | 723 | |
Total energy intake (kcal/d) | 2089 ± 723 | 2078 ± 674 | 2380 ± 701 | 2535 ± 709 | 2782 ± 776 | <0.0001 |
Total energy intake excl. OJ (kcal/d) | 2089 ± 723 | 2072 ± 674 | 2347 ± 699 | 2450 ± 709 | 2612 ± 776 | <0.0001 |
Fruits (svg/d)1 | 0.67 ± 0.61 | 0.72 ± 0.58 | 1.02 ± 0.71 | 1.25 ± 0.87 | 1.44 ± 1.04 | <0.0001 |
Non-starchy vegetables (svg/d) 1 | 0.73 ± 0.69 | 0.74 ± 0.64 | 1.04 ± 0.77 | 1.28 ± 0.93 | 1.29 ± 0.97 | <0.0001 |
Moderate/vigorous physical activity (MET*hrs/wk) 2 | 92.3 ± 67.4 | 102.0 ± 68.5 | 114.1 ± 73.3 | 118.9 ± 76.1 | 132.8 ± 83.0 | <0.0001 |
Screen time (hrs/wk) 3 | 29.2 ± 18.1 | 30.0 ± 17.7 | 29.1 ± 17.1 | 27.3 ± 17.2 | 28.7 ± 17.8 | 0.0201 |
Girls | ||||||
N | 2875 | 3617 | 5518 | 1745 | 585 | |
Total energy intake (kcal/d) | 1828 ± 618 | 1848 ± 605 | 2094 ± 627 | 2275 ± 658 | 2450 ± 720 | <0.0001 |
Total energy intake excl. OJ (kcal/d) | 1828 ± 618 | 1842 ± 605 | 2062 ± 625 | 2190 ± 658 | 2280 ± 720 | <0.0001 |
Fruits (svg/d)1 | 0.79 ± 0.66 | 0.83 ± 0.63 | 1.10 ± 0.72 | 1.35 ± 0.91 | 1.62 ± 1.14 | <0.0001 |
Non-starchy vegetables (svg/d) 1 | 0.87 ± 0.75 | 0.93 ± 0.76 | 1.20 ± 0.84 | 1.39 ± 0.95 | 1.58 ± 1.16 | <0.0001 |
Moderate/vigorous physical activity (MET*hrs/wk) 2 | 70.5 ± 54.1 | 79.3 ± 60.3 | 88.5 ± 61.7 | 96.2 ± 66.7 | 105.1 ± 73.6 | <0.0001 |
Screen time (hrs/wk) 3 | 22.7 ± 15.0 | 23.9 ± 15.4 | 22.9 ± 14.5 | 22.0 ± 14.4 | 22.6 ± 14.4 | 0.1252 |
Weight Status | Never or <1 Glass per Month | 1–3 Glasses per Month | 1–6 Glasses per Week | 1 Glass per Day | >1 Glass per Day | p-Trend * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys | ||||||
N | 1962 | 2890 | 5030 | 1609 | 723 | |
Obese 1, N | 201 | 315 | 468 | 126 | 49 | |
Model 1 | Ref (1.0) | 1.10 (0.91, 1.32) | 0.97 (0.81, 1.16) | 0.82 (0.65, 1.04) | 0.73 (0.53, 1.02) | 0.0028 |
Model 2 | Ref (1.0) | 1.12 (0.93, 1.36) | 1.04 (0.87, 1.25) | 0.91 (0.72, 1.15) | 0.83 (0.59, 1.15) | 0.0430 |
Overweight/obese 1, N | 483 | 776 | 1217 | 347 | 138 | |
Model 1 | Ref (1.0) | 1.15 (1.01, 1.31) | 1.06 (0.94, 1.20) | 0.93 (0.79, 1.09) | 0.84 (0.67, 1.04) | 0.0019 |
Model 2 | Ref (1.0) | 1.17 (1.02, 1.33) | 1.11 (0.98, 1.26) | 1.00 (0.85, 1.18) | 0.91 (0.73, 1.13) | 0.0403 |
Girls | ||||||
N | 2875 | 3617 | 5518 | 1745 | 585 | |
Obese 1, N | 174 | 261 | 276 | 69 | 39 | |
Model 1 | Ref (1.0) | 1.23 (1.01, 1.50) | 0.87 (0.72, 1.07) | 0.70 (0.52, 0.94) | 1.24 (0.86, 1.79) | 0.1235 |
Model 2 | Ref (1.0) | 1.24 (1.01, 1.51) | 0.95 (0.78, 1.16) | 0.80 (0.60, 1.07) | 1.46 (1.01, 2.11) | 0.7535 |
Overweight/obese 1, N | 556 | 723 | 947 | 267 | 113 | |
Model 1 | Ref (1.0) | 1.06 (0.93, 1.20) | 0.93 (0.83, 1.05) | 0.83 (0.71, 0.98) | 1.15 (0.91, 1.44) | 0.4000 |
Model 2 | Ref (1.0) | 1.06 (0.94, 1.20) | 0.98 (0.87, 1.11) | 0.91 (0.78, 1.08) | 1.24 (1.02, 1.62) | 0.5607 |
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Sakaki, J.R.; Melough, M.M.; Li, J.; Tamimi, R.M.; Chavarro, J.E.; Chen, M.-H.; Chun, O.K. Associations between 100% Orange Juice Consumption and Dietary, Lifestyle and Anthropometric Characteristics in a Cross-Sectional Study of U.S. Children and Adolescents. Nutrients 2019, 11, 2687. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112687
Sakaki JR, Melough MM, Li J, Tamimi RM, Chavarro JE, Chen M-H, Chun OK. Associations between 100% Orange Juice Consumption and Dietary, Lifestyle and Anthropometric Characteristics in a Cross-Sectional Study of U.S. Children and Adolescents. Nutrients. 2019; 11(11):2687. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112687
Chicago/Turabian StyleSakaki, Junichi R., Melissa M. Melough, Jing Li, Rulla M. Tamimi, Jorge E. Chavarro, Ming-Hui Chen, and Ock K. Chun. 2019. "Associations between 100% Orange Juice Consumption and Dietary, Lifestyle and Anthropometric Characteristics in a Cross-Sectional Study of U.S. Children and Adolescents" Nutrients 11, no. 11: 2687. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112687
APA StyleSakaki, J. R., Melough, M. M., Li, J., Tamimi, R. M., Chavarro, J. E., Chen, M.-H., & Chun, O. K. (2019). Associations between 100% Orange Juice Consumption and Dietary, Lifestyle and Anthropometric Characteristics in a Cross-Sectional Study of U.S. Children and Adolescents. Nutrients, 11(11), 2687. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112687