Diabetes Prevention: Vitamin D Supplementation May Not Provide Any Protection If There Is No Evidence of Deficiency!
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Interventional Studies Have Yielded Contradictory Results
3. Vitamin D and Type 2 Diabetes
4. Studies Relating Baseline Vitamin D Deficiency to Improvement in Glucose Metabolism in Response to Adequate Vitamin D Supplementation
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pancreas | Production, release, and utilization of insulin in the cells ↑ |
Insulin | Insulin sensitivity of the cells ↑, glucose tolerance ↑, insulin resistance ↓ |
AGEs | Protein glycosylation ↓, formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) that damage vessels and nerves ↓ |
Blood lipids | Cholesterol and triglyceride levels ↓, low-density lipoprotein; LDL (low density lipoprotein) oxidation ↓, effectiveness of cholesterol-lowering drugs ↑ |
Inflammation | Formation of proinflammatory substances such as TNFα ↓ |
Immune regulation | Th17/Th1 ↓, Th2/Treg ↑ |
Vessels and nerves | Tendency to inflammation in blood vessels ↓, lipid deposition in the vessel walls ↓, vascular protective agents (e.g., IL-10) ↑ |
Blood pressure | Negative endocrine regulator of the RAS (rennin angiotensin system), blood pressure ↓, elasticity of the vessel walls ↑ |
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Gröber, U.; Holick, M.F. Diabetes Prevention: Vitamin D Supplementation May Not Provide Any Protection If There Is No Evidence of Deficiency! Nutrients 2019, 11, 2651. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112651
Gröber U, Holick MF. Diabetes Prevention: Vitamin D Supplementation May Not Provide Any Protection If There Is No Evidence of Deficiency! Nutrients. 2019; 11(11):2651. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112651
Chicago/Turabian StyleGröber, Uwe, and Michael F. Holick. 2019. "Diabetes Prevention: Vitamin D Supplementation May Not Provide Any Protection If There Is No Evidence of Deficiency!" Nutrients 11, no. 11: 2651. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112651