The Usefulness of Anthropometric Indices to Identify the Risk of Metabolic Syndrome
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Subjects and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Sample Collection
2.2. Ethical Approval
2.3. Measurements and Anthropometric Indicators
- BMI = Weight (kg)/Height (m)2;
- WHtR = WC (cm)/Height (cm);
- ABSI = WC (m)/[BMI2/3(kg/m2) Height1/2 (m)] [16];
- [17];
- CUN-BAE was calculated using the equation %BF = − 44.988 + (0.503 × age) + (10.689 × sex) + (3.172 × BMI) − (0.026 × BMI2) + (0.181 × BMI × sex) − (0.02 × BMI × age) − (0.005 × BMI2 × sex) + (0.00021 × BMI2 × age), where age is measured in years, and sex was codified as 0 for men and 1 for women [18].
2.4. Blood Pressure and Blood Biochemical Parameters
2.5. Socio-Demographic and Lifestyle Data
2.6. The Definition of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS)
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Limitations
4.2. Strengths
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables. | Total (N = 12328) X ± SD; Me (Q1–Q3) | Males (N = 4094) X ± SD; Me (Q1–Q3) | Females (N = 8234) X ± SD; Me (Q1–Q3) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Body height [cm] | 164.35 (8.64); 163.00 (158.00–170.00) | 173.25 (6.29); 173.00 (169.00–177.00) | 159.93 (5.75); 160.00 (156.00–164.00) | <0.001 |
Body mass [kg] | 76.16 (14.49); 74.70 (65.60–85.30) | 85.50 (13.04); 84.70 (76.50–93.00) | 71.52 (12.84); 70.00 (62.50–78.80) | <0.001 |
Waist circumference [cm] | 91.80 (12.57); 91.00 (83.00–100.00) | 99.18 (10.41); 99.00 (92.00–105.00) | 88.12 (11.92); 87.00 (80.00–96.00) | <0.001 |
BMI [kg/m2] | 28.15 (4.66); 27.63 (24.87–30.79) | 28.46 (3.95); 28.17 (25.77–30.72) | 27.99 (4.96); 27.29 (24.42–30.84) | <0.001 |
WHtR | 55.88 (7.33); 55.45 (55.89–60.47) | 57.30 (6.12); 57.06 (53.18–60.80) | 55.18 (7.77); 54.43 (49.68–60.06) | <0.001 |
%BF | 33.05 (7.85); 33.40 (27.30–38.90) | 27.00 (6.47); 26.50 (22.70–30.90) | 36.00 (6.72); 36.50 (31.70–40.70) | 0.001 |
ABSI [m11/6 · kg−2/3] | 0.077 (0.005); 0.078 (0.074–0.081) | 0.081 (0.004); 0.081 (0.078–0.083) | 0.076 (0.005); 0.076 (0.073–0.079) | <0.001 |
BRI | 4.639 (1.597); 4.444 (3.529–5.540) | 4.909 (1.362); 4.784 (3.980–5.658) | 4.505 (1.686); 4.233 (3.303–5.449) | <0.001 |
CUN–BAE [%] | 37.10 (7.42); 37.28 (31.62–42.45) | 29.81 (4.87); 29.72 (26.59–32.82) | 40.72 (5.58); 40.52 (36.72–44.47) | <0.001 |
Variables. | Total (N = 12328) N (%) | Males (N = 4094) N (%) | Females (N = 8234) N (%) | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MetS | Yes | 5227 (42.40) | 2036 (49.73) | 3191 (38.75) | <0.001 |
No | 7101 (57.60) | 2058 (50.27) | 5043 (61.25) | ||
Glucose | Yes | 4109 (33.33) | 1857 (43.36) | 2252 (27.35) | <0.001 |
No | 8219 (66.67) | 2237 (54.64) | 5982 (72.65) | ||
Abdominal obesity | Yes | 3219 (26.11) | 1185 (28.94) | 2034 (24.70) | <0.001 |
No | 9109 (73.89) | 2909 (71.06) | 6200 (75.30) | ||
HDL cholesterol | Yes | 2239 (18.16) | 670 (16.37) | 1569 (19.06) | <0.001 |
No | 10089 (81.84) | 3424 (83.63) | 6665 (80.94) | ||
TG | Yes | 4226 (34.28) | 1642 (40.11) | 2584 (31.38) | <0.001 |
No | 8102 (65.72) | 2452 (59.89) | 5650 (68.62) | ||
Elevated BP | Yes | 9136 (74.11) | 3372 (82.36) | 5764 (70.00) | <0.001 |
No | 3192 (25.89) | 722 (17.64) | 2470 (30.00) |
Variables. | Total (N = 12328) X ± SD; Me (Q1–Q3) | Males (N = 4094) X ± SD; Me (Q1–Q3) | Females (N = 8234) X ± SD; Me (Q1–Q3) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Years of education | 13.23 (3.18); 13.00 (11.00–16.00) | 13.22 (3.20); 12.00 (11.00–16.00) | 13.24 (3.17); 13.00 (11.00–16.00) | 0.024 |
Physical activity [METs/min/week−1] | 4499.0 (3640.1); 3492.0 (1833.0–6180.0) | 4636.2 (3954.1); 3600.0 (1674.0–6675.0) | 4430.8 (3471.7); 3446.3 (1890.0–5970.0) | 0.889 |
Alcohol [g/week] | 40.40 (95.07); 13.44 (2.80–39.53) | 86.54 (146.91); 45.76 (17.26–100.7) | 17.47 (34.91); 7.53 (1.84–19.84) | <0.001 |
Nonsmokers | N = 5781 (46.89%) | N = 1452 (35.47%) | N = 4329 (52.27%) | <0.001 |
Former smokers | N = 4152 (33.68%) | N = 1758 (42.94%) | N = 2394 (29.07%) | |
Current smokers | N = 2395 (19.43%) | N = 884 (21.59%) | N = 1511 (18.35%) |
Indices. | Q | Men | Women | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MetS Classic Definition (3 or More Components Out of 5) | MetS Modified Definition (2 or More Components Out of 4, Other than WC) | MetS Classic Definition (3 or More Components Out of 5) | MetS Modified Definition (2 or More Components Out of 4, Other than WC) | ||||||
OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | ||
BMI | 1(ref.) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
2 | 3.05 (2.40–3.89) | <0.001 | 1.60 (1.31–1.96) | <0.001 | 2.94 (2.42–3.56) | <0.001 | 1.70 (1.44–2.00) | <0.001 | |
3 | 6.63 (5.21–8.44) | <0.001 | 2.51 (2.04–3.08) | <0.001 | 4.92 (4.08–5.95) | <0.001 | 2.44 (2.07–2.86) | <0.001 | |
4 | 11.02 (8.62–14.09) | <0.001 | 3.72 (3.01–4.59) | <0.001 | 7.82 (6.47–9.44) | <0.001 | 3.61 (3.07–4.24) | <0.001 | |
5 | 17.52 (13.57–22.62) | <0.001 | 5.65 (4.53–7.05) | <0.001 | 12.76 (10.53–15.46) | <0.001 | 5.90 (5.01–6.96) | <0.001 | |
WHtR | 1(ref.) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
2 | 4.66 (3.59–6.05) | <0.001 | 1.77 (1.44–2.16) | <0.001 | 5.47 (4.33–6.90) | <0.001 | 1.91 (1.61–2.26) | <0.001 | |
3 | 9.25 (7.13–12.00) | <0.001 | 2.33 (1.89–2.85) | <0.001 | 10.11 (8.04–12.71) | <0.001 | 2.91 (2.47–3.44) | <0.001 | |
4 | 14.10 (10.83–18.37) | <0.001 | 3.28 (2.66–4.05) | <0.001 | 14.59 (11.60–18.35) | <0.001 | 4.19 (3.55–4.94) | <0.001 | |
5 | 24.87 (18.85–32.82) | <0.001 | 5.70 (4.55–7.14) | <0.001 | 25.61 (20.26–202.4) | <0.001 | 7.32 (6.16–8.69) | <0.001 | |
%BF | 1(ref.) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
2 | 2.41 (1.91–3.04) | <0.001 | 1.60 (1.31–1.96) | <0.001 | 2.59 (2.14–3.12) | <0.001 | 1.77 (1.51–2.09) | <0.001 | |
3 | 5.00 (3.97–6.30) | <0.001 | 2.48 (2.02–3.05) | <0.001 | 4.30 (3.58–5.16) | <0.001 | 2.47 (2.11–2.90) | <0.001 | |
4 | 8.25 (6.52–10.43) | <0.001 | 3.49 (2.83–4.31) | <0.001 | 6.99 (5.83–8.39) | <0.001 | 3.79 (3.23–4.45) | <0.001 | |
5 | 11.29 (8.87–14.38) | <0.001 | 4.77 (3.84–5.94) | <0.001 | 9.96 (8.29–11.96) | <0.001 | 5.41 (4.60–6.36) | <0.001 | |
ABSI | 1(ref.) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
2 | 1.58 (1.29–1.93) | <0.001 | 1.09 (0.90–1.33) | 0.377 | 1.68 (1.43–1.98) | <0.001 | 1.39 (1.19–1.62) | <0.001 | |
3 | 1.85 (1.51–2.27) | <0.001 | 1.14 (0.93–1.39) | 0.208 | 2.30 (1.96–2.70) | <0.001 | 1.80 (1.55–2.09) | <0.001 | |
4 | 2.03 (1.66–2.49) | <0.001 | 1.23 (1.00–1.50) | 0.048 | 2.85 (2.43–3.34) | <0.001 | 2.08 (1.79–2.42) | <0.001 | |
5 | 2.46 (1.99–3.04) | <0.001 | 1.31 (1.06–1.61) | 0.011 | 3.45 (2.94–4.05) | <0.001 | 2.44 (2.10–2.85) | <0.001 | |
BRI | 1(ref.) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
2 | 2.49 (1.99–3.13) | <0.001 | 1.50 (1.23–1.84) | <0.001 | 3.63 (2.95–4.47) | <0.001 | 1.80 (1.53–2.13) | <0.001 | |
3 | 4.42 (3.52–5.53) | <0.001 | 2.07 (1.69–2.54) | <0.001 | 6.32 (5.15–7.75) | <0.001 | 2.71 (2.30–3.19) | <0.001 | |
4 | 6.68 (5.30–8.41) | <0.001 | 2.72 (2.20–3.35) | <0.001 | 9.55 (7.79–11.72) | <0.001 | 3.84 (3.25–4.52) | <0.001 | |
5 | 11.81 (9.25–15.09) | <0.001 | 4.40 (3.52–5.50) | <0.001 | 16.44 (13.32–20.29) | <0.001 | 6.57 (5.53–7.80) | <0.001 | |
CUN–BAE | 1(ref.) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
2 | 2.85 (2.24–3.64) | <0.001 | 1.57 (1.29–1.93) | <0.001 | 2.91 (2.38–3.56) | <0.001 | 1.66 (1.41–1.97) | <0.001 | |
3 | 6.21 (4.89–7.87) | <0.001 | 2.46 (2.01–3.03) | <0.001 | 5.78 (4.75–7.03) | <0.001 | 2.74 (2.33–3.23) | <0.001 | |
4 | 9.92 (7.77–12.67) | <0.001 | 3.44 (2.79–4.26) | <0.001 | 8.48 (6.96–10.34) | <0.001 | 3.76 (3.19–4.44) | <0.001 | |
5 | 17.47 (13.51–22.59) | <0.001 | 5.83 (4.66–7.31) | <0.001 | 13.80 (11.28–16.87) | <0.001 | 6.12 (5.17–7.25) | <0.001 |
Indices | Gender | AUC | 95%CI | p | Youden Index | Cut–Off Points |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MetS classic (3 or more components out of 5) | ||||||
BMI | Men | 0.754 | 0.739–0.769 | <0.001 | 0.39 | 27.18 |
Women | 0.731 | 0.720–0.742 | <0.001 | 0.35 | 27.20 | |
WHtR | Men | 0.764 | 0.749–0.778 | <0.001 | 0.40 | 0.556 |
Women | 0.758 | 0.748–0.768 | <0.001 | 0.38 | 0.535 | |
%BF | Men | 0.738 | 0.722–0.753 | <0.001 | 0.38 | 25.80 |
Women | 0.722 | 0.711–0.733 | <0.001 | 0.33 | 36.14 | |
ABSI | Men | 0.603 | 0.586–0.620 | <0.001 | 0.15 | 0.081 |
Women | 0.639 | 0.627–0.651 | <0.001 | 0.21 | 0.076 | |
BRI | Men | 0.728 | 0.713–0.743 | <0.001 | 0.34 | 4.82 |
Women | 0.748 | 0.737–0.758 | <0.001 | 0.36 | 5.05 | |
CUN BAE | Men | 0.760 | 0.746–0.775 | <0.001 | 0.41 | 29.04 |
Women | 0.742 | 0.732–0.753 | <0.001 | 0.37 | 40.54 | |
MetS modified (2 or more components out of 4, other than WC) | ||||||
BMI | Men | 0.675 | 0.659–0.692 | <0.001 | 0.27 | 28.07 |
Women | 0.685 | 0.673–0.696 | <0.001 | 0.28 | 27.46 | |
WHtR | Men | 0.672 | 0.656–0.689 | <0.001 | 0.25 | 0.571 |
Women | 0.706 | 0.695–0.718 | <0.001 | 0.30 | 0.543 | |
%BF | Men | 0.670 | 0.653–0.687 | <0.001 | 0.27 | 25.80 |
Women | 0.679 | 0.667–0.691 | <0.001 | 0.27 | 37.10 | |
ABSI | Men | 0.551 | 0.533–0.568 | <0.001 | 0.07 | 0.081 |
Women | 0.610 | 0.598–0.622 | <0.001 | 0.16 | 0.076 | |
BRI | Men | 0.654 | 0.637–0.671 | <0.001 | 0.28 | 4.85 |
Women | 0.701 | 0.690–0.712 | <0.001 | 0.29 | 5.05 | |
CUN–BAE | Men | 0.682 | 0.666–0.699 | <0.001 | 0.28 | 29.99 |
Women | 0.679 | 0.667–0.708 | <0.001 | 0.30 | 40.62 |
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Suliga, E.; Ciesla, E.; Głuszek-Osuch, M.; Rogula, T.; Głuszek, S.; Kozieł, D. The Usefulness of Anthropometric Indices to Identify the Risk of Metabolic Syndrome. Nutrients 2019, 11, 2598. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112598
Suliga E, Ciesla E, Głuszek-Osuch M, Rogula T, Głuszek S, Kozieł D. The Usefulness of Anthropometric Indices to Identify the Risk of Metabolic Syndrome. Nutrients. 2019; 11(11):2598. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112598
Chicago/Turabian StyleSuliga, Edyta, Elzbieta Ciesla, Martyna Głuszek-Osuch, Tomasz Rogula, Stanisław Głuszek, and Dorota Kozieł. 2019. "The Usefulness of Anthropometric Indices to Identify the Risk of Metabolic Syndrome" Nutrients 11, no. 11: 2598. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112598