Fatty Acid Profile and Antioxidant Status Fingerprint in Sarcopenic Elderly Patients: Role of Diet and Exercise
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Dietetic Program
2.3. Physical Activity
- -
- Chair exercise: repetitions of toe raises, heel raises, knee lifts, knee extensions, and others were done while seated on a chair. Hip flexions, lateral leg raises, and repetitions of other exercises were done while standing upright behind the chair, holding the back of the chair for stability.
- -
- Ankle-weight exercise: to strengthen the legs, a fixed weight was placed on the ankle while participants did strengthening exercises. Weights of 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, and 1.50 kg were prepared and used in accordance with each participant’s strength as the resistance progressively increased. The exercises using these ankle weights included seated knee flexion and extension as well as standing knee flexion and extensions.
- -
- Exercises with a resistance band: resistance bands were used to strengthen the upper and lower body. Lower-body exercises included leg extension and hip flexion. Upper-body exercises included double-arm pull downs and bicep curls.
- -
- Balance and gait training: exercises included standing on one leg, multidirectional weight shifts, tandem stand, and tandem walk. Participants practiced proper gait mechanics focused on maintaining stability during walking and increasing stride length, toe elevation of the forward limb, heel elevation of the rear limb, frequency of stepping, and a heel-floor angle. Exercises included raising the toes (dorsiflexion) during the forward swing of the leg, kicking off the floor with the ball of the foot, walking with directional changes, and gait pattern variations.
2.4. Dietary Supplementation
2.5. Blood Sampling
2.6. Lipid Analysis
2.7. Plasma Malondialdehyde (MDA) Analysis and Erythrocyte Antioxidant Enzymes
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Supplement Group (69 Subjects) | Placebo Group (61 Subjects) | |
---|---|---|
Characteristics | ||
Age (y) | 80.77 ± 6.29 | 80.21 ± 8.54 |
Male N (%) | 29 (42%) | 24 (39%) |
Smokers N (%) | 3 (4%) | 5 (8%) |
Level of schooling (years) | 7 (3–11) | 5 (2–9) |
Body composition | ||
Fat free mass (kg) | 39.90 ± 8.13 | 38.71 ± 8.37 |
Fat mass (kg) | 17.81 ± 6.78 | 19.21 ± 9.18 |
Gynoid (%) | 35.79 ± 9.67 | 37.67 ± 10.60 |
Android (%) | 34.21 ± 10.76 | 34.26 ± 12.85 |
RSMM (kg/m2) | 6.60 ± 1.19 | 6.36 ± 1.32 |
MNA (score) | 17.84 ± 3.07 | 17.84 ± 3.57 |
Weight (kg) | 59.47 ± 11.16 | 59.39 ± 13.51 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.85 ± 3.63 | 23.93 ± 4.60 |
Wrist circumference (cm) | 16.29 ± 1.75 | 16.08 ± 1.42 |
Arm circumference (cm) | 25.22 ± 3.36 | 25.02 ± 3.80 |
Calf circumference (cm) | 30.43 ± 3.13 | 29.95 ± 4.55 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 88.95 ± 9.74 | 89.01 ± 10.15 |
Handgrip (kg) | 16.63 ± 4.99 | 19.62 ± 6.01 |
Psychological scores | ||
MMSE (score) | 21.78 ± 3.70 | 20.5 ± 4.93 |
ADL (score) | 3.97 ± 1.19 | 4.03 ± 1.08 |
SF-36 MCS (score) | 46.65 ± 10.7 | 44.0 ± 9.7 |
SF-36 PCS (score) | 34.1 ± 10.2 | 37.1 ± 11.0 |
Hematology | Supplemented Group | Placebo Group |
---|---|---|
Proteins (g/dL) | 6.67 ± 0.55 | 6.56 ± 0.61 |
Albumin (g/dL) | 3.76 ± 0.54 | 3.6 ± 0.55 |
Albumin (%) | 55.92 ± 5.82 | 54.83 ± 6.00 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.95 ± 0.7 | 0.91 ± 0.38 |
Azotaemia (mg/dL) | 45.00 ± 35.41 | 46.92 ± 22.42 |
Uric Acid (mg/dL) | 5.00 ± 2.20 | 5.15 ± 1.89 |
CRP (mg/L) | 0.30 (0.14–1.23) | 0.33 (0.16–1.03) |
IGF-I (ng/mL) | 80.6 ± 33.8 | 82.7 ± 38.8 |
White Blood Cell (109/L) | 6.96 ± 2.06 | 7.39 ± 3.08 |
Red Blood Cell (1012/L) | 4.27 ± 0.48 | 4.24 ± 0.84 |
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 12.60 ± 1.47 | 12.19 ± 1.77 |
Hematocrit % | 38.20 ± 4.25 | 36.91 ± 6.31 |
Platelet count (109/L) | 245.94 ± 85.38 | 240.14 ± 147.75 |
Lymphocyte count (109/L) | 1.80 ± 0.59 | 2.38 ± 3.88 |
Lymphocytes % | 27.18 ± 8.51 | 25.92 ± 10.88 |
Iron (µg/dL) | 72.46 ± 30.65 | 65.60 ± 30.79 |
Transferrin (g/L) | 2.19 ± 0.50 | 2.15 ± 0.76 |
Glycaemia mmol/L | 5.96 ± 2.12 | 5.51 ± 1.78 |
Triglyceride mmol/L | 3.01 ± 1.09 | 3.32 ± 1.92 |
Total Cholesterol mmol/L | 5.05 ± 1.21 | 4.9 ± 1.42 |
High-Density Lipoprotein mmol/L | 1.35 ± 0.41 | 1.17 ± 0.38 |
Low-Density Lipoprotein mmol/L | 3.14 ± 1.02 | 2.71 ± 1.48 |
Sodium (mEq/L) | 138.88 ± 2.74 | 139.43 ± 2.92 |
Potassium (mEq/L) | 4.06 ± 0.42 | 4.25 ± 0.61 |
Chlorine (mEq/L) | 103.71 ± 3.86 | 104.83 ± 4.24 |
Calcium (mg/dL) | 9.15 ± 0.63 | 9.02 ± 0.54 |
Amylase (U/L) | 32.53 ± 24.31 | 28.60 ± 12.40 |
Total Bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.74 ± 0.47 | 0.71 ± 0.35 |
AST (U/L) | 19.01 ± 10.54 | 21.52 ± 19.19 |
ALT (U/L) | 16.35 ± 11.94 | 20.08 ± 18.22 |
gGT (U/L) | 32.31 ± 38.43 | 36.70 ± 42.17 |
Fatty Acid | Placebo Group | Supplemented Group | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PRE | POST | p Value | PRE | POST | p Value | |
Palmitic acid (C16:0) | 30.1 ± 3.52 | 28.1 ± 3.70 | 0.007 | 29.2 ± 3.01 | 29.3 ± 2.95 | 0.843 |
Palmitoleic acid (C16:1) | 3.63 ± 1.14 | 3.83 ± 1.52 | 0.209 | 3.63 ± 1.25 | 3.55 ± 0.99 | 0.528 |
Stearic acid (C18:0) | 5.75 ± 0.95 | 5.76 ± 1.02 | 0.952 | 5.61 ± 0.69 | 6.08 ± 0.85 | 0.001 |
Oleic acid (C18:1) | 24.2 ± 6.44 | 25.4 ± 3.73 | 0.265 | 24.1 ± 3.21 | 25.0 ± 2.79 | 0.046 |
Linoleic acid (C18:2) | 22.9 ± 4.19 | 22.1 ± 3.80 | 0.190 | 23.2 ± 3.23 | 21.6 ± 3.81 | 0.002 |
α-linolenic acid (C18:3 n-3) | 0.44 ± 0.17 | 0.48 ± 0.18 | 0.206 | 0.53 ± 0.29 | 0.60 ± 0.52 | 0.347 |
γ-linolenic acid (C18:3 n-6) | 0.23 ± 0.18 | 0.30 ± 0.29 | 0.191 | 0.25 ± 0.30 | 0.28 ± 0.25 | 0.504 |
Dihomo-γ-linolenic (C20:3 n-6) | 1.30 ± 0.34 | 1.44 ± 0.39 | 0.014 | 1.36 ± 0.91 | 1.44 ± 0.32 | 0.496 |
Arachidonic acid (C20:4 n-6) | 9.24 ± 2.48 | 10.31 ± 7.27 | 0.325 | 9.64 ± 2.73 | 9.81 ± 2.67 | 0.655 |
Eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5 n-3) | 0.34 ± 0.19 | 0.43 ± 0.17 | 0.076 | 0.42 ± 0.15 | 0.45 ± 0.18 | 0.199 |
Docosapentaenoic acid (C22:5 n-3) | 0.42 ± 0.18 | 0.41 ± 0.10 | 0.593 | 0.42 ± 0.12 | 0.43 ± 0.10 | 0.694 |
Docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 n-3) | 1.50 ± 0.42 | 1.49 ± 0.41 | 0.927 | 1.57 ± 0.58 | 1.51 ± 0.48 | 0.424 |
AA/EPA | 29.3 ± 12.3 | 26.3 ± 16.6 | 0.299 | 24.9 ± 8.56 | 24.5 ± 9.77 | 0.809 |
Saturated fatty acids | 35.8 ± 3.75 | 33.9 ± 3.94 | 0.012 | 34.8 ± 2.99 | 35.4 ± 3.21 | 0.229 |
Monounsaturated fatty acids | 27.8 ± 6.47 | 29.2 ± 4.21 | 0.168 | 27.8 ± 3.65 | 28.5 ± 3.02 | 0.112 |
Polyunsaturated fatty acids | 36.4 ± 5.4 | 36.9 ± 6.21 | 0.604 | 37.6 ± 4.56 | 36.1 ± 4.27 | 0.024 |
Omega-6 | 33.6 ± 5.23 | 34.1 ± 6.21 | 0.654 | 34.5 ± 4.35 | 33.1 ± 4.13 | 0.028 |
Omega-3 | 2.73 ± 0.57 | 2.81 ± 0.54 | 0.381 | 2.93 ± 0.80 | 3.00 ± 0.83 | 0.618 |
Omega-6/Omega-3 ratio | 12.9 ± 3.97 | 12.7 ± 4.32 | 0.809 | 12.4 ± 2.84 | 11.8 ± 3.23 | 0.155 |
Plasma Malondialdehyde (µM) | 3.78 ± 1.91 | 4.20 ± 1.98 | 0.084 | 3.42 ± 1.68 | 3.51 ± 1.75 | 0.663 |
Superoxide dismutase (U/g Hb) | 4724 ± 2499 | 4800 ± 2868 | 0.891 | 4413 ± 2520 | 4445 ± 2269 | 0.937 |
Total GSH (nmol/mg Hb) | 4.08 ± 1.45 | 4.33 ± 1.93 | 0.408 | 4.35 ± 1.23 | 4.34 ± 1.61 | 0.981 |
Glutathione Reductase (U/g Hb) | 3.06 ± 1.16 | 3.23 ± 1.13 | 0.352 | 2.59 ± 0.66 | 2.85 ± 0.88 | 0.031 |
Glutathione Peroxidase (U/g Hb) | 28.6 ± 16.2 | 30.2 ± 16.0 | 0.553 | 36.3 ± 13.6 | 31.2 ± 18.1 | 0.084 |
Variables | Δ (95%) Between Groups | p Value Treatment Effect |
---|---|---|
Palmitic acid | 1.73 (0.13 to 3.33) | 0.034 |
Palmitoleic acid | −0.31 (−0.71 to 0.10) | 0.137 |
Stearic acid | 0.58 (0.14 to 1.02) | 0.011 |
Oleic acid | −0.69 (−2.80 to 1.42) | 0.520 |
Linoleic acid | −0.25 (−1.88 to 1.39) | 0.765 |
α-linolenic acid | 0.02 (−0.17 to 0.22) | 0.799 |
γ-linolenic acid | 0.03 (−0.10 to 0.16) | 0.656 |
Di-homo-γ-linolenic | −0.08 (−0.39 to 0.23) | 0.622 |
Arachidonic acid | −0.96 (−3.05 to 1.14) | 0.366 |
Eicosapentaenoic acid | −0.02 (−0.09 to 0.05) | 0.622 |
Docosapentaenoic acid | −0.00 (−0.05 to 0.05) | 0.912 |
Docosahexaenoic acid | -0.09 (-0.28 to 0.10) | 0.349 |
AA/EPA | 1.19 (−4.89 to 7.27) | 0.699 |
Saturated fatty acids | 2.31 (0.61 to 4.01) | 0.008 |
Monounsaturated fatty acids | −0.99 (−3.11 to 1.12) | 0.354 |
Polyunsaturated fatty acids | −1.47 (−3.87 to 0.93) | 0.226 |
Omega-6 | −1.25 (−3.66 to 1.15) | 0.303 |
Omega-3 | −0.07 (−0.40 to 0.26) | 0.673 |
Omega-6/Omega-3 | 0.27 (−1.48 to 2.01) | 0.763 |
Malondialdehyde | −0.36 (−0.98 to 0.25) | 0.243 |
Superoxide dismutase | 702 (−682 to 2086) | 0.316 |
Glutathione | 0.02 (−0.54 to 0.58) | 0.951 |
Glutathione reductase | −0.002 (−0.41 to 0.41) | 0.993 |
Glutathione peroxidase | −7.71 (−15.92 to 0.49) | 0.065 |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Corsetto, P.A.; Montorfano, G.; Klersy, C.; Massimino, L.; Infantino, V.; Iannello, G.; Anna Faliva, M.; Lukaski, H.; Perna, S.; Alalwan, T.A.; et al. Fatty Acid Profile and Antioxidant Status Fingerprint in Sarcopenic Elderly Patients: Role of Diet and Exercise. Nutrients 2019, 11, 2569. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112569
Corsetto PA, Montorfano G, Klersy C, Massimino L, Infantino V, Iannello G, Anna Faliva M, Lukaski H, Perna S, Alalwan TA, et al. Fatty Acid Profile and Antioxidant Status Fingerprint in Sarcopenic Elderly Patients: Role of Diet and Exercise. Nutrients. 2019; 11(11):2569. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112569
Chicago/Turabian StyleCorsetto, Paola Antonia, Gigliola Montorfano, Catherine Klersy, Luca Massimino, Vittoria Infantino, Giancarlo Iannello, Milena Anna Faliva, Henry Lukaski, Simone Perna, Tariq A. Alalwan, and et al. 2019. "Fatty Acid Profile and Antioxidant Status Fingerprint in Sarcopenic Elderly Patients: Role of Diet and Exercise" Nutrients 11, no. 11: 2569. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112569