Quantifying Actual and Perceived Inaccuracy When Estimating the Sugar, Energy Content and Portion Size of Foods
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Materials and Measures
2.3.1. Food Items
2.3.2. Estimation Task
2.3.3. Expected and Perceived Accuracy
2.3.4. Experience with Food Journaling
2.3.5. Demographic and Anthropometric Variables
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Comparison between the Four Estimation Measures: Accuracy, Frequency, and Degree of Estimation Errors
3.2. Expected and Perceived Accuracy of Estimations and Relation to Objective Accuracy
3.3. Relationships with Experience with Food Journaling, Gender and Body Mass Index (BMI)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Food Item | Actual Value (Ref.) | Estimated Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | t | df | p | Cohen’s d | ||
Quiche | |||||||
Sugar content (absolute, gram) | 1.74 | 17.86 | 16.45 | 13.68 | 194 | <0.001 | 0.98 |
Sugar content (% deviation) | 926.38 | 945.65 | |||||
Amount (hand measure) | 1 a | 1.0 | 0.37 | −0.08 | 193 | 0.939 | 0.01 |
Weight (gram) | 113 | 141.67 | 73.94 | 5.41 | 194 | <0.001 | 0.39 |
Energy content (kcal) | 372 | 269.53 | 201.63 | −7.13 | 196 | <0.001 | 0.51 |
Sandwich | |||||||
Sugar content (absolute, gram) | 1.91 | 21.84 | 28.90 | 9.68 | 196 | <0.001 | 0.70 |
Sugar content (% deviation) | 1051.72 | 1512.17 | |||||
Amount (hand measure) | 1 a | 1.13 | 0.48 | 3.79 | 193 | <0.001 | 0.27 |
Weight (gram) | 86 | 147.70 | 78.87 | 10.98 | 196 | <0.001 | 0.78 |
Energy content (kcal) | 298.6 | 238.67 | 132.45 | −6.34 | 195 | <0.001 | 0.45 |
Vegetable sticks | |||||||
Sugar content (absolute, gram) | 3.43 | 8.58 | 13.29 | 5.41 | 194 | <0.001 | 0.39 |
Sugar content (% deviation) | 150.24 | 387.58 | |||||
Amount (hand measure) | 1 a | 1.35 | 0.53 | 9.12 | 192 | <0.001 | 0.66 |
Weight (gram) | 88 | 96.71 | 65.75 | 1.86 | 196 | 0.064 | 0.13 |
Energy content (kcal) | 21.5 | 54.21 | 46.54 | 9.87 | 196 | <0.001 | 0.70 |
Creamy yogurt-herb sauce | |||||||
Sugar content (absolute, gram) | 1.14 | 9.58 | 13.62 | 8.27 | 177 | <0.001 | 0.62 |
Sugar content (% deviation) | 492.30 | 794.35 | |||||
Amount (hand measure) | 1 b | 2.13 | 1.22 | 12.70 | 188 | <0.001 | 0.95 |
Weight (gram) | 40.2 | 42.56 | 32.59 | 1.02 | 196 | 0.310 | 0.07 |
Energy content (kcal) | 75.3 | 78.27 | 83.12 | 0.50 | 194 | 0.619 | 0.04 |
Chocolate mousse | |||||||
Sugar content (absolute, gram) | 7.66 | 31.34 | 21.89 | 14.60 | 181 | <0.001 | 1.08 |
Sugar content (% deviation) | 309.15 | 285.76 | |||||
Amount (hand measure) | 0.5 a | 0.86 | 1.22 | 4.10 | 195 | <0.001 | 0.29 |
Weight (gram) | 30.5 | 57.90 | 41.86 | 9.19 | 196 | <0.001 | 0.65 |
Energy content (kcal) | 142.93 | 245.61 | 170.80 | 8.44 | 196 | <0.001 | 0.60 |
Fruit skewers | |||||||
Sugar content (absolute, gram) | 5.11 | 27.06 | 24.44 | 12.42 | 190 | <0.001 | 0.90 |
Sugar content (% deviation) | 429.61 | 478.24 | |||||
Amount (hand measure) | 1 a | 1.54 | 0.69 | 10.91 | 193 | <0.001 | 0.78 |
Weight (gram) | 60 | 84.19 | 53.03 | 6.40 | 196 | <0.001 | 0.46 |
Energy content (kcal) | 27.5 | 90.72 | 69.69 | 12.73 | 196 | <0.001 | 0.91 |
Muffin | |||||||
Sugar content (absolute, gram) | 19.4 | 44.52 | 32.65 | 10.63 | 190 | <0.001 | 0.77 |
Sugar content (% deviation) | 129.48 | 168.31 | |||||
Amount (hand measure) | 1 a | 1.09 | 0.62 | 2.04 | 195 | 0.043 | 0.15 |
Weight (gram) | 69 | 121.61 | 67.30 | 10.97 | 196 | <0.001 | 0.78 |
Energy content (kcal) | 249 | 243.86 | 150.24 | −0.48 | 196 | 0.631 | 0.03 |
Food Item | Underestimation | Correct | Overestimation | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | M 1 (SD) | N (%) | N (%) | M 2 (SD) | |
Sugar content (in grams) | |||||
Quiche | 3 (1.5) | −90.42 (16.59) | 0 (0.0) | 192 (98.5) | 942.27 (944.35) |
Sandwich | 4 (2.0) | −92.15 (12.46) | 0 (0.0) | 193 (98.0) | 1075.43 (1518.71) |
Vegetable sticks | 74 (37.9) | −60.92 (31.55) | 0 (0.0) | 121 (62.1) | 279.37 (444.90) |
Creamy yogurt-herb sauce | 16 (9.0) | −37.70 (27.98) | 0 (0.0) | 162 (91.0) | 544.65 (814.22) |
Chocolate mousse | 5 (2.7) | −29.50 (7.15) | 0 (0.0) | 177 (97.3) | 318.71 (283.95) |
Fruit skewers | 18 (9.4) | −18.46 (27.06) | 0 (0.0) | 173 (90.6) | 476.23 (478.94) |
Muffin | 29 (15.2) | −33.17 (17.88) | 0 (0.0) | 162 (84.8) | 158.59 (166.60) |
Overall | 2 (1.0) | −28.24 (28.43) | 0 (0.0) | 195 (99.0) | 522.32 (528.41) |
Amount (hand measure) | |||||
Quiche | 40 (20.6) | −46.5 (10.20) | 131 (67.5) | 23 (11.9) | 79.13 (39.96) |
Sandwich | 31 (16.0) | −43.72 (16.40) | 116 (59.8) | 47 (24.2) | 82.45 (43.10) |
Vegetable sticks | 17 (8.8) | −41.71 (19.37) | 84 (43.5) | 92 (47.7) | 80.44 (38.70) |
Creamy yogurt-herb sauce | 13 (6.9) | −56.92 (16.90) | 19 (10.1) | 157 (83.1) | 140.73 (115.15) |
Chocolate mousse | 135 (68.9) | −60.94 (13.13) | 46 (23.5) | 15 (7.7) | 360 (180.48) |
Fruit skewers | 13 (6.7) | −42.95 (24.68) | 74 (38.1) | 107 (55.2) | 102.80 (54.21) |
Muffin | 35 (17.9) | −43.80 (16.68) | 129 (65.8) | 32 (16.3) | 103.28 (106.60) |
Overall | 43 (21.9) | −18.55 (11.32) | 3 (1.5) | 150 (76.5) | 45.27 (49.58) |
Weight (in grams) | |||||
Quiche | 86 (44.1) | −32.35 (19.61) | 0 (0.0) | 109 (55.9) | 70.91 (51.40) |
Sandwich | 43 (21.8) | −25.53 (21.01) | 0 (0.0) | 154 (78.2) | 98.91 (85.15) |
Vegetable sticks | 105 (53.3) | −38.69 (21.69) | 0 (0.0) | 92 (46.7) | 65.35 (75.18) |
Creamy yogurt-herb sauce | 124 (62.9) | −36.58 (28.43) | 0 (0.0) | 73 (37.1) | 77.98 (90.18) |
Chocolate mousse | 67 (34.0) | −32.84 (20.66) | 0 (0.0) | 130 (66.0) | 96.30 (111.83) |
Fruit skewers | 72 (36.5) | −33.84 (21.87) | 14 (7.1) | 111 (56.3) | 93.50 (83.38) |
Muffin | 43 (21.8) | −33.54 (22.79) | 0 (0.0) | 154 (78.2) | 106.90 (87.82) |
Overall | 57 (28.9) | −25.17 (19.45) | 0 (0.0) | 140 (71.1) | 66.92 (57.79) |
Energy content (in kcal) | |||||
Quiche | 167 (84.8) | −43.57 (21.80) | 0 (0.0) | 30 (15.2) | 61.65 (86.18) |
Sandwich | 139 (70.9) | −43.01 (18.42) | 0 (0.0) | 57 (29.1) | 35.87 (39.03) |
Vegetable sticks | 52 (26.4) | −37.03 (28.05) | 0 (0.0) | 145 (73.6) | 219.97 (214.34) |
Creamy yogurt-herb sauce | 130 (66.7) | −44.41 (21.85) | 0 (0.0) | 65 (33.3) | 100.63 (147.40) |
Chocolate mousse | 59 (29.9) | −28.38 (15.82) | 0 (0.0) | 138 (70.1) | 114.68 (118.95) |
Fruit skewers | 17 (8.6) | −33.48 (19.10) | 0 (0.0) | 180 (91.4) | 254.77 (251.17) |
Muffin | 111 (56.3) | −37.41 (20.63) | 0 (0.0) | 86 (43.7) | 43.55 (64.09) |
Overall | 45 (22.8) | −23.75 (20.05) | 0 (0.0) | 152 (77.2) | 82.77 (88.26) |
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König, L.M.; Ziesemer, K.; Renner, B. Quantifying Actual and Perceived Inaccuracy When Estimating the Sugar, Energy Content and Portion Size of Foods. Nutrients 2019, 11, 2425. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102425
König LM, Ziesemer K, Renner B. Quantifying Actual and Perceived Inaccuracy When Estimating the Sugar, Energy Content and Portion Size of Foods. Nutrients. 2019; 11(10):2425. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102425
Chicago/Turabian StyleKönig, Laura M., Katrin Ziesemer, and Britta Renner. 2019. "Quantifying Actual and Perceived Inaccuracy When Estimating the Sugar, Energy Content and Portion Size of Foods" Nutrients 11, no. 10: 2425. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102425