Intake of Baked Cod Fillet Resulted in Lower Serum Cholesterol and Higher Long Chain n-3 PUFA Concentrations in Serum and Tissues in Hypercholesterolemic Obese Zucker fa/fa Rats
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals and Diets
2.2. Ethics
2.3. Analyses of Diets
2.4. Analyses in Serum
2.5. Fatty Acids in Serum, Liver, Muscle and Adipose Tissue
2.6. Analyses of Cholesterol in Liver, Muscle and Faeces
2.7. Bile Acids in Liver and Faeces
2.8. Analyses of mRNA Expression of Genes in Liver
2.9. Outcome Measurements
2.10. Sample Size
2.11. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Diets and Anthropometry
3.2. Cholesterol and Bile Acids
3.3. Fatty Acids in Serum, Liver, Skeletal Muscle and White Adipose Tissue
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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g/kg Diet | Control Diet | Baked Cod Diet |
---|---|---|
Casein protein 1 | 216.22 | 162.16 |
Freeze dried baked cod 2 | - | 62.50 |
Corn starch | 511.67 | 503.22 |
Sucrose | 90.00 | 90.00 |
Cellulose | 50.00 | 50.00 |
Soybean Oil | 70.00 | 70.00 |
t-Butylhydroquinone | 0.014 | 0.014 |
Mineral Mix (AIN-93-MX) | 35.00 | 35.00 |
Vitamin Mix (AIN-93-VX) | 10.00 | 10.00 |
L-Methionine | 1.60 | 1.60 |
L-Cystine | 3.00 | 3.00 |
Choline Bitartrate 3 | 2.50 | 2.50 |
Growth and Maintenance Supplement 4 | 10.00 | 10.00 |
Per kg Diet | Control Diet | Baked Cod Diet |
---|---|---|
Amino Acids, g | ||
Arginine | 6.4 | 7.1 |
Glycine | 3.6 | 4.2 |
Histidine | 5.1 | 4.8 |
Isoleucine | 9.2 | 8.9 |
Leucine | 16.0 | 16.0 |
Lysine | 14.0 | 14.0 |
Methionine | 6.4 | 6.8 |
Phenylalanine | 9.1 | 8.8 |
Threonine | 7.2 | 7.3 |
Valine | 12.0 | 12.0 |
Taurine | ND | 0.3 |
Lysine/ arginine ratio | 2.2 | 2.0 |
Methionine/ glycine ratio | 1.8 | 1.6 |
Fatty acids, g | ||
18:2n-6 | 32.7 | 30.4 |
18:3n-3 | 3.9 | 3.6 |
20:5n-3 | ND | 0.33 |
22:5n-3 | ND | 0.03 |
22:6n-3 | ND | 0.81 |
Cholesterol, mg | 340 | 97 |
Control Group | Baked Cod Group | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Bodyweight at endpoint, g | 548 ± 32 | 566 ± 20 | 0.17 |
Body weight-to-square body length without tail ratio, kg/m2 | 9.8 ± 0.6 | 10.3 ± 0.4 | 0.062 |
Relative liver weight, g/100g body weight | 4.5 ± 0.9 | 4.0 ± 0.6 | 0.11 |
Relative thigh muscle weight, g/100 g body weight | 0.30 ± 0.04 | 0.29 ± 0.03 | 0.58 |
Relative amount of WAT 1, g/100 g body weight | 7.4 ± 0.6 | 7.4 ± 0.5 | 0.97 |
Faecal output, g dry weight/24 h | 2.8 ± 0.9 | 2.9 ± 0.9 | 0.76 |
Energy intake, kcal/kg bodyweight/24 h | 266 ± 33 | 269 ± 51 | 0.91 |
Control Group | Baked Cod Group | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 6.6 ± 1.1 | 5.6 ± 0.9 | 0.032 |
HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.3 ± 0.6 | 3.8 ± 1.6 | 0.018 |
LDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.7 ± 0.6 | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 0.0025 |
Total bile acids, umol/L | 43 ± 24 | 29 ± 18 | 0.17 |
Control Group | Baked Cod Group | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Liver cholesterol, umol/g liver | 9.3 ± 2.4 | 8.2 ± 1.9 | 0.27 |
Liver total bile acids, umol/g protein | 15.6 ± 2.4 | 16.6 ± 2.4 | 0.38 |
Skeletal muscle cholesterol, umol/g | 2.5 ± 1.1 | 2.3 ± 1.2 | 0.71 |
Faeces cholesterol, umol/24 h | 21.2 ± 12.9 | 18.2 ± 5.3 | 0.52 |
Faeces total bile acids, umol/24 h | 8.8 ± 2.7 | 10.4 ± 4.1 | 0.36 |
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Vikøren, L.A.; Drotningsvik, A.; Bergseth, M.T.; Mjøs, S.A.; Austgulen, M.H.; Mellgren, G.; Gudbrandsen, O.A. Intake of Baked Cod Fillet Resulted in Lower Serum Cholesterol and Higher Long Chain n-3 PUFA Concentrations in Serum and Tissues in Hypercholesterolemic Obese Zucker fa/fa Rats. Nutrients 2018, 10, 840. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10070840
Vikøren LA, Drotningsvik A, Bergseth MT, Mjøs SA, Austgulen MH, Mellgren G, Gudbrandsen OA. Intake of Baked Cod Fillet Resulted in Lower Serum Cholesterol and Higher Long Chain n-3 PUFA Concentrations in Serum and Tissues in Hypercholesterolemic Obese Zucker fa/fa Rats. Nutrients. 2018; 10(7):840. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10070840
Chicago/Turabian StyleVikøren, Linn A., Aslaug Drotningsvik, Marthe T. Bergseth, Svein A. Mjøs, Maren H. Austgulen, Gunnar Mellgren, and Oddrun A. Gudbrandsen. 2018. "Intake of Baked Cod Fillet Resulted in Lower Serum Cholesterol and Higher Long Chain n-3 PUFA Concentrations in Serum and Tissues in Hypercholesterolemic Obese Zucker fa/fa Rats" Nutrients 10, no. 7: 840. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10070840