Compliance with Dietary Guidelines Varies by Weight Status: A Cross-Sectional Study of Australian Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. CSIRO Healthy Diet Score Survey
2.2. Data Collection and Preparation
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Variation in Diet Score by Weight Status
3.2. Likelihood of Overweight and Obesity by Diet Score Quintile
3.3. Rank Order of Components of Diet Quality
3.4. Differences in Diet Quality Compliance Scores by Weight Status and Gender
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compliance Score out of 100 (Mean (Standard Deviation)) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male (n = 52,400) | Female (n = 133,551) | Total (n = 185,951) | |||||||
Food Group | Normal (n = 22,101) | Overweight (n = 20,761) | Obese (n = 9538) | Normal (n = 70,410) | Overweight (n = 36,073) | Obese (n = 27,068) | Normal (n = 92,511) | Overweight (n = 56,834) | Obese (n = 36,606) |
Vegetables | 64.4 (29.1) | 63.2 (29.4) | 59.8 (30.7) | 76.2 (26.7) | 75 (27.5) | 72.9 (28.5) | 71.2 (28.4) | 68.4 (29.2) | 67.2 (30.2) |
Fruit | 70.7 (35.3) | 67.7 (36.2) | 58.2 (38.8) | 74.3 (33) | 70.5 (34.8) | 62.8 (37.3) | 72.8 (34) | 69 (35.6) | 60.8 (38) |
Grains | 65.1 (24.7) | 62.3 (24.2) | 59.2 (25.2) | 63.3 (24.5) | 63.5 (25.1) | 62.6 (25.9) | 64.1 (24.6) | 62.9 (24.6) | 61.1 (25.6) |
Meat | 68.7 (26.1) | 69.0 (25.8) | 69.3 (26.1) | 72.3 (25.2) | 74.4 (24.4) | 74.2 (24.4) | 70.8 (25.7) | 71.4 (25.3) | 72 (25.3) |
Dairy | 46.5 (24.8) | 48.3 (25.5) | 48.7 (26) | 46.7 (26) | 49.1 (26.2) | 50.5 (26.6) | 46.7 (25.5) | 48.7 (25.8) | 49.7 (26.3) |
Discretionary | 29.5 (32.1) | 24.7 (30.6) | 20.9 (29.4) | 35.1 (32.7) | 30.6 (32) | 26.8 (31.6) | 32.7 (32.5) | 27.3 (31.3) | 24.2 (30.8) |
Fluid | 90.1 (16.6) | 89.1 (18) | 86.1 (21.5) | 94.9 (11.7) | 94.2 (13.1) | 91.3 (17.2) | 92.8 (14.2) | 91.4 (16.2) | 89.1 (19.4) |
Variety | 66.3 (13) | 64.9 (12.9) | 61.4 (14) | 67.1 (12.3) | 66.1 (12.7) | 63.4 (13.6) | 66.7 (12.6) | 65.5 (12.8) | 62.5 (13.8) |
Healthy fats | 53.1 (29.1) | 50.7 (28) | 46 (27.8) | 56 (26.8) | 52.6 (25.6) | 48.7 (25.2) | 54.7 (27.8) | 51.5 (27) | 47.5 (26.4) |
Diet Score | 58.4 (13.1) | 56.5 (12.6) | 53.1 (13.2) | 62.1 (12.2) | 60.7 (12.3) | 58 (13) | 60.5 (12.8) | 58.3 (12.7) | 55.8 (13.3) |
Diet Score | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Q1 (Lowest) | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 (Highest) |
Cases | (n = 36,525) | (n = 37,134) | (n = 37,437) | (n = 37,494) | (n = 37,068) |
Diet score (out of 100) | |||||
Mean | 40.3 | 52.1 | 59.1 | 66.0 | 76.7 |
Range | 3.7–47.8 | 47.9–55.7 | 55.8–62.3 | 62.4–69.9 | 70.0–99.0 |
Obese | |||||
Crude odds ratio | 2.19 (2.11, 2.27) | 1.60 (1.54, 1.66) | 1.30 (1.25, 1.35) | 1.16 (1.12, 1.21) | 1.0 |
Adjusted model1 | 2.99 (2.88, 3.11) | 1.91 (1.84, 1.99) | 1.45 (1.39, 1.50) | 1.22 (1.17, 1.27) | 1.0 |
Overweight or obese | |||||
Crude odds ratio | 2.01 (1.95, 2.07) | 1.58 (1.54, 1.63) | 1.38 (1.34, 1.42) | 1.23 (1.19, 1.26) | 1.0 |
Adjusted model1 | 2.64 (2.56,2.73) | 1.85 (1.80, 1.91) | 1.52 (1.47, 1.56) | 1.28 (1.24, 1.32) | 1.0 |
Compliance Score Out of 100 (Mean (Standard Deviation)) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male (n = 52,400) | Female (n = 133,551) | Total (n = 185,951) | ||||
Food Group | Normal vs. Overweight | Normal vs. Obese | Normal vs. Overweight | Normal vs. Obese | Normal vs. Overweight | Normal vs. Obese |
Vegetables | 1.2 * (0.5:2.0) | 4.8 * (3.8:5.8) | 1.6 * (1.1:2.0) | 3.7 (3.1:4.2) | 2.9 * (2.5:3.3) | 4.2 * (3.7:4.7) |
Fruit | 2.9 * (2.0:3.9) | 12.7 * (11.5:13.9) | 4.9 * (4.3:5.5) | 12.9 (12.2:13.5) | 4.6 * (4.1:5.1) | 12.9 * (12.3:13.5) |
Grains | 3.1 * (2.5:3.7) | 6.0 * (5.2:6.8) | 0.4 (0.0:0.8) | 1.5 * (1.0:2.0) | 1.0 * (0.6:1.3) | 2.6 * (2.2:3.0) |
Meat | −0.5 (−1.2:0.1) | −0.5 (−1.3:0.3) | −2.1 * (−2.5:−1.7) | −1.9 * (−2.3:−1.4) | −1.2 * (−1.6:−0.9) | −1.5 * (−1.9:−1.0) |
Dairy | −1.9 * (−2.5:−1.2) | −2.5 * (−3.4:−1.7) | −2.5 * (−3.0:−2.1) | −4.0 * (−4.5:−3.5) | −2.3 * (−2.7:−2.0) | −3.6 * (−4.0:−3.2) |
Discretionary | 4.7 * (3.9:5.5) | 8.6 * (7.6:9.6) | 4.8 * (4.3:5.4) | 8.5 * (7.9:9.1) | 5.5 * (5.0:5.9) | 8.7 * (8.1:9.2) |
Fluid | 0.8 * (0.4:1.3) | 4.1 * (3.5:4.7) | 0.9 * (0.6:1.1) | 4.0 * (3.7:4.2) | 1.4 * (1.2:1.7) | 4.1 * (3.8:4.3) |
Variety | 1.4 * (1.0:1.7) | 5.0 * (4.5:5.4) | 1.2 * (1.0:1.4) | 3.9 * (3.7:4.2) | 1.3 * (1.1:1.5) | 4.2 * (4.0:4.4) |
Healthy fats | 2.4 * (1.7:3.2) | 7.2 * (6.3:8.2) | 3.6 * (3.1:4.1) | 7.7 * (7.2:8.3) | 3.6 * (3.2:4) | 7.7 * (7.2:8.1) |
Healthy Diet Score | 1.9 * (1.6:2.2) | 5.4 * (4.9:5.8) | 1.8 * (1.5:2.0) | 4.5 * (4.3:4.7) | 2.2 * (2:2.4) | 4.8 * (4.6:5.0) |
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Hendrie, G.A.; Golley, R.K.; Noakes, M. Compliance with Dietary Guidelines Varies by Weight Status: A Cross-Sectional Study of Australian Adults. Nutrients 2018, 10, 197. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10020197
Hendrie GA, Golley RK, Noakes M. Compliance with Dietary Guidelines Varies by Weight Status: A Cross-Sectional Study of Australian Adults. Nutrients. 2018; 10(2):197. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10020197
Chicago/Turabian StyleHendrie, Gilly A., Rebecca K. Golley, and Manny Noakes. 2018. "Compliance with Dietary Guidelines Varies by Weight Status: A Cross-Sectional Study of Australian Adults" Nutrients 10, no. 2: 197. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10020197
APA StyleHendrie, G. A., Golley, R. K., & Noakes, M. (2018). Compliance with Dietary Guidelines Varies by Weight Status: A Cross-Sectional Study of Australian Adults. Nutrients, 10(2), 197. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10020197