Influence of Parental Healthy-Eating Attitudes and Nutritional Knowledge on Nutritional Adequacy and Diet Quality among Preschoolers: The SENDO Project
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Aim, Design, and Setting
2.2. Exposure Assessment
2.3. Outcome Assessment
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Recruitment and Baseline Characteristics
3.2. Influence of Parental Nutritional Knowledge and Healthy-Attitudes on Food and Nutrient Intakes
3.3. Influence of Parental Nutritional Knowledge and Healthy-Eating Attitudes on Micronutrient Inadequacy
3.4. Influence of Parental Nutritional Knowledge and Healthy-Eating Attitudes on Mediterranean Adherence.
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Nutrition Knowledge Score | Healthy-Eating Attitudes Score | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low | Medium | High | Low | Medium | High | |||
0–4 | 5–6 | 7–10 | 0–4 | 5–6 | 7–8 | |||
Children Characteristics | p value | p value | ||||||
n (%) | 87 (30.31) | 122 (42.51) | 78 (27.18) | 69 (24.04) | 111 (38.68) | 107 (37.28) | ||
Age (years) | 7.2 (1.81) | 6.89 (1.69) | 6.56 (1.63) | 0.063 | 6.62 (1.74) | 6.93 (1.67) | 7.03 (1.76) | 0.299 |
Sex (%) | ||||||||
Girls | 56.3 | 44.3 | 48.7 | 56.5 | 47.7 | 45.8 | ||
BMI (kg/m2) | 15.9 (1.7) | 15.8 (1.5) | 15.3 (1.5) | 0.035 | 15.7 (1.4) | 15.5 (1.6) | 15.8 (1.6) | 0.522 |
Waist /Height ratio | 0.47 (0.05) | 0.48 (0.05) | 0.48 (0.06) | 0.644 | 0.49 (0.05) | 0.47 (0.05) | 0.48 (0.06) | 0.055 |
Supplement use (%) | 4.65 | 4.13 | 3.9 | 0.970 | 7.25 | 1.82 | 4.76 | 0.201 |
KIDMED test | 5.86 (1.31) | 5.87 (0.97) | 6.1 (0.95) | 0.258 | 5.74 (1.08) | 5.89 (1.19) | 6.09 (0.95) | 0.093 |
Physical activity (MET-h/week) | 34.1 (27.8) | 42.9 (31.3) | 37.4 (22.6) | 0.075 | 36.2 (26.1) | 38 (27.2) | 41.2 (30.7) | |
Leisure activity (%) 1 | 50.6 | 54.1 | 56.4 | 0.748 | 49.3 | 60.4 | 49.5 | 0.195 |
Eating at home (%) 2 | 71.3 | 77.9 | 85.9 | 0.076 | 73.9 | 77.5 | 81.3 | 0.503 |
Eating with someone (%) 3 | 79.3 | 86.1 | 80.8 | 0.396 | 79.7 | 82.9 | 84.1 | 0.750 |
Parental Characteristics | ||||||||
Age (years) | ||||||||
Mother | 39.7 (4.5) | 39.2 (3.2) | 39 (3.2) | 0.449 | 38.9 (4.2) | 39.5 (3.6) | 39.3 (3.3) | 0.531 |
Father | 37.6 (4) | 37.3 (3.2) | 37.1 (3.1) | 0.548 | 36.7 (3.5) | 37.9 (3.6) | 37.2 (3.2) | 0.072 |
Large family (%) 4 | 35.6 | 31.1 | 28.2 | 0.583 | 0.289 | |||
Education (%) | ||||||||
University | 50.6 | 54.9 | 66.7 | 0.098 | 56.5 | 58.6 | 55.1 | 0.877 |
Do you consider your | ||||||||
children’s weight as high? (%) | 1.15 | 0.82 | 0 | 0.433 | 0 | 1.8 | 0 | 0.699 |
Fixed eating schedule (%) | 94.3 | 93.4 | 93.6 | 0.970 | 94.2 | 92.8 | 94.4 | 0.873 |
Snacking (%) | 6.9 | 7.38 | 7.69 | 0.980 | 8.7 | 7.21 | 6.54 | 0.865 |
Nutrition Knowledge Score | Healthy-Eating Attitudes Score | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low | Medium | High | Low | Medium | High | |||
0–4 | 5–6 | 7–10 | 0–4 | 5–6 | 7–8 | |||
Food Group | p value | p value | ||||||
Fruit (g/day) | 368 (190) | 413 (199) | 409 (176) | 0.212 | 364 (174) | 384 (186) | 435 (201) | 0.032 |
Vegetables (g/day) | 180 (91) | 218 (111) | 220 (97) | 0.013 | 190 (116) | 198 (80) | 229 (110) | 0.022 |
Pulses (g/day) | 23.5 (15.3) | 23 (11.1) | 22.6 (6.7) | 0.896 | 22.5 (13.1) | 21 (8.3) | 25.5 (13) | 0.014 |
Daily (g/day) | 503 (218) | 563 (231) | 559 (195) | 0.114 | 540 (223) | 532 (211) | 557 (225) | 0.698 |
White meat (g/day) | 39.8 (20.9) | 43.6 (19.4) | 40.4 (16.4) | 0.306 | 40.2 (18.1) | 39.4 (17) | 44.8 (21.5) | 0.090 |
Red meat (g/day) | 111 (43) | 122 (50) | 105 (39) | 0.035 | 123 (48) | 113 (36) | 109 (53) | 0.136 |
White fish (g/day) | 26.8 (15.1) | 31.6 (16.5) | 33 (14.2) | 0.023 | 26.4 (15.7) | 29.7 (16.3) | 34 (14.3) | 0.005 |
Blue fish (g/day) | 11.5 (9.3) | 13 (13.5) | 15.2 (13.2) | 0.152 | 9.6 (9.6) | 12.5 (12.6) | 16.1 (13) | 0.002 |
Olive oil (g/day) | 12.7 (13.1) | 11.5 (11.4) | 13.9 (13.7) | 0.424 | 12.6 (11.4) | 10.4 (11.2) | 14.6 (14.21) | 0.045 |
Bakery (g/day) | 27.7 (35) | 30.2 (23.2) | 27 (19.8) | 0.652 | 30.2 (38) | 27.6 (21.4) | 28.6 (22.2) | 0.822 |
Eggs (g/day) | 18 (10) | 22 (14.5) | 25.7 (15.8) | 0.002 | 20.8 (8.1) | 21.5 (15.6) | 22.7 (15.2) | 0.650 |
Beverage (g/day) | 7.6 (14.81) | 4.6 (8.1) | 3.5 (6.4) | 0.024 | 7.8 (13.3) | 4.2 (7.4) | 4.6 (10.8) | 0.054 |
Sweets (g/day) | 17.1 (14.2) | 14.8 (9.5) | 13.8 (13.9) | 0.199 | 15.8 (12.1) | 15.2 (11) | 14.9 (13.8) | 0.894 |
Nutrients | ||||||||
Energy (kcal/day) | 1700 (409) | 1787 (432) | 1775 (365) | 0.286 | 1753 (395) | 1708 (361) | 1811 (458) | 0.175 |
HC (% total energy) | 47.8 (6.3) | 46.4 (5.3) | 47.9 (4.9) | 0.109 | 47 (5.7) | 46.6 (5.6) | 48.1 (5.4) | 0.125 |
Proteins (% total energy) | 19.2 (2.3) | 19.8 (2.6) | 19.1 (1.7) | 0.026 | 19.3 (2.7) | 19.7 (2.5) | 19.2 (1.9) | 0.323 |
Fat (% total energy) | 33.1 (5.6) | 33.7 (4.4) | 33 (4.6) | 0.533 | 33.7 (4.9) | 33.7 (4.6) | 32.7 (5) | 0.218 |
Ca (mg/day) | 1102 (344) | 1242 (441) | 1295 (449) | 0.008 | 1184 (380) | 1198 (421) | 1251 (449) | 0.520 |
Fe (mg/day) | 9.1 (6) | 11.1 (7.5) | 12.6 (7.9) | 0.006 | 11 (6.9) | 10.4 (7.2) | 11.3 (7.8) | 0.680 |
I (µg/day) | 92 (47) | 111 (53) | 121 (61) | 0.002 | 108 (53) | 104 (53) | 112 (57) | 0.618 |
Mg (mg/day) | 224 (70) | 263 (95) | 282 (111) | 0.000 | 256 (85) | 246 (88) | 268 (109) | 0.241 |
Zn (mg/day) | 5.7 (2.4) | 6.9 (3.4) | 7.4 (3.9) | 0.002 | 6.7 (3.1) | 6.5 (3.1) | 6.9 (3.6) | 0.764 |
Na (mg/day) | 2477 (1095) | 3007 (1361) | 3324 (1310) | 0.000 | 3175 (1298) | 2841 (1321) | 2871 (1296) | 0.207 |
K (mg/day) | 2401 (1170) | 2907 (1380) | 3177 (1566) | 0.001 | 2798 (1269) | 2686 (1354) | 2992 (1526) | 0.269 |
P (mg/day) | 1024 (335) | 1224 (447) | 1285 (502) | 0.000 | 1171 (389) | 1150 (436) | 1217 (485) | 0.534 |
Se (µg/day) | 42.9 (35.4) | 54.4 (43.8) | 63.1 (47.6) | 0.01 | 55.1 (41.8) | 51.2 (42.1) | 54.3 (45.2) | 0.802 |
Vitamin B1 (mg/day) | 0.8 (0.5) | 1.02 (0.62) | 1.1 (0.7) | 0.004 | 1.00 (0.57) | 0.9 (0.6) | 0.9 (0.6) | 0.929 |
Vitamin B2 (mg/day) | 1.3 (0.4) | 1.6 (0.6) | 1.66 (0.62) | 0.000 | 1.5 (0.5) | 1.5 (0.6) | 1.6 (0.6) | 0.825 |
Vitamin B3 (mg/day) | 16.0 (9.7) | 23.6 (12.8) | 27.6 (24.7) | 0.000 | 22.6 (12.9) | 21.9 (11.1) | 22.7 (11.4)) | 0.948 |
Vitamin B6 (mg/day) | 1.2 (0.7) | 1.5 (0.9) | 1.6 (0.9) | 0.001 | 1.4 (0.8) | 1.4 (0.94) | 1.5 (0.9) | 0.810 |
Vitamin B9 (µg/day) | 178 (90) | 220 (123) | 237 (123) | 0.002 | 205 (106) | 208 (123) | 221 (115) | 0.573 |
Vitamin B12 (µg/day) | 2.3 (1.1) | 3.07 (1.61) | 3.4 (1.7) | 0.000 | 2.93 (1.55) | 2.8 (1.6) | 2.9 (1.6) | 0.902 |
Vitamin C (mg/day) | 79.9 (47.9) | 100.4 (50.1) | 107.3 (52.3) | 0.001 | 89.3 (44.8) | 94.2 (52.8) | 102.4 (52.8) | 0.224 |
Vitamin A (µg/day) | 465 (272) | 603 (462) | 680 (404) | 0.002 | 583 (427) | 569 (435) | 595 (357) | 0.894 |
Vitamin D (µg/day) | 1.3 (1.3) | 1.5 (1.4) | 2.15 (1.92) | 0.001 | 1.4 (1.34) | 1.4 (1.4) | 1.95 (1.83) | 0.024 |
Vitamin E (µg/day) | 14.7 (21) | 16.8 (22.9) | 21.9 (24.8) | 0.121 | 17.6 (22.9) | 15.7 (22) | 19.4 (24.1) | 0.504 |
Nutrition Knowledge Score | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low | Medium | High | p | ||||
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | ||||
N | 65 | 83 | 47 | ||||
% intake failing to meet ≥3 EAR | 33.33 | 42.56 | 24.10 | ||||
Crude | 1 (Ref.) | 0.72 | 0.39, 1.33 | 0.51 | 0.26, 1.00 | 0.051 | |
Multivariable 1 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.84 | 0.36, 1.98 | 0.70 | 0.28, 1.75 | 0.449 | |
Multivariable 2 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.80 | 0.34, 1.91 | 0.63 | 0.25, 1.60 | 0.337 | |
Multivariable 3 | 1 (Ref.) | 1.34 | 0.50, 3.59 | 1.13 | 0.40, 3.23 | 0.961 | |
Multivariable 4 1 | 1 (Ref.) | 1.45 | 0.54, 3.90 | 1.19 | 0.41, 3.48 | 0.908 | |
Healthy-Eating Attitudes Score | |||||||
Low | Medium | High | p | ||||
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | ||||
N | 49 | 77 | 69 | ||||
% intake failing to meet ≥3 EAR | 25.13 | 39.49 | 35.38 | ||||
Crude | 1 (Ref.) | 0.92 | 0.48, 1.79 | 0.74 | 0.39, 1.42 | 0.322 | |
Multivariable 1 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.60 | 0.25, 1.46 | 0.35 | 0.14, 0.88 | 0.026 | |
Multivariable 2 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.56 | 0.23, 1.38 | 0.34 | 0.14, 0.86 | 0.027 | |
Multivariable 3 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.63 | 0.23, 1.69 | 0.34 | 0.12, 0.93 | 0.034 | |
Multivariable 4 2 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.63 | 0.23, 1.72 | 0.34 | 0.12, 0.95 | 0.037 |
Nutrition Knowledge Score | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
KIDMED | Low | Medium | High | ||||
β | 95% CI | p | β | 95% CI | p | ||
Crude | 0 (Ref.) | 0.01 | −0.29, 0.31 | 0.964 | 0.24 | −0.09, 0.57 | 0.154 |
Multivariable 1 | 0 (Ref.) | 0.02 | −0.28, 0.32 | 0.903 | 0.27 | −0.07, 0.60 | 0.119 |
Multivariable 2 | 0 (Ref.) | 0.02 | −0.28, 0.32 | 0.897 | 0.28 | −0.06, 0.62 | 0.110 |
Multivariable 3 | 0 (Ref.) | −0.01 | −0.31, 0.30 | 0.971 | 0.23 | −0.12, 0.57 | 0.195 |
Multivariable 4 1 | 0 (Ref.) | −0.01 | −0.31, 0.30 | 0.969 | 0.18 | −0.16, 0.53 | 0.293 |
Healthy-Eating Attitudes Score | |||||||
KIDMED | Low | Medium | High | ||||
β | 95% CI | p | β | 95% CI | p | ||
Crude | 0 (Ref.) | 0.15 | −0.17, 0.48 | 0.355 | 0.35 | 0.03, 0.68 | 0.034 |
Multivariable 1 | 0 (Ref.) | 0.15 | −0.18, 0.47 | 0.381 | 0.35 | 0.01, 0.68 | 0.041 |
Multivariable 2 | 0 (Ref.) | 0.15 | −0.18, 0.48 | 0.379 | 0.35 | 0.01, 0.68 | 0.041 |
Multivariable 3 | 0 (Ref.) | 0.15 | −0.18, 0.48 | 0.369 | 0.36 | 0.03, 0.69 | 0.033 |
Multivariable 4 2 | 0 (Ref.) | 0.15 | −0.18, 0.48 | 0.361 | 0.34 | 0.01, 0.67 | 0.045 |
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Romanos-Nanclares, A.; Zazpe, I.; Santiago, S.; Marín, L.; Rico-Campà, A.; Martín-Calvo, N. Influence of Parental Healthy-Eating Attitudes and Nutritional Knowledge on Nutritional Adequacy and Diet Quality among Preschoolers: The SENDO Project. Nutrients 2018, 10, 1875. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10121875
Romanos-Nanclares A, Zazpe I, Santiago S, Marín L, Rico-Campà A, Martín-Calvo N. Influence of Parental Healthy-Eating Attitudes and Nutritional Knowledge on Nutritional Adequacy and Diet Quality among Preschoolers: The SENDO Project. Nutrients. 2018; 10(12):1875. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10121875
Chicago/Turabian StyleRomanos-Nanclares, Andrea, Itziar Zazpe, Susana Santiago, Lucía Marín, Anaïs Rico-Campà, and Nerea Martín-Calvo. 2018. "Influence of Parental Healthy-Eating Attitudes and Nutritional Knowledge on Nutritional Adequacy and Diet Quality among Preschoolers: The SENDO Project" Nutrients 10, no. 12: 1875. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10121875
APA StyleRomanos-Nanclares, A., Zazpe, I., Santiago, S., Marín, L., Rico-Campà, A., & Martín-Calvo, N. (2018). Influence of Parental Healthy-Eating Attitudes and Nutritional Knowledge on Nutritional Adequacy and Diet Quality among Preschoolers: The SENDO Project. Nutrients, 10(12), 1875. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10121875