Eleven Weeks of Iron Supplementation Does Not Maintain Iron Status for an Entire Competitive Season in Elite Female Volleyball Players: A Follow-Up Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Brief Description of the Previous Supplementation Period
2.2. Study Design and Participants
2.3. Iron Status Categorization
2.4. Blood Collection and Analysis
2.5. Strength Performance Testing
2.6. Dietary Assessment
2.7. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Haematological Parameters
3.2. Iron Status Categorization
3.3. Strength Performance Tests
3.4. Percentage Changes Differences for Hematological and Strength Parameters.
3.5. Relationship Between Hematological and Strength Changes
3.6. Dietary Intake
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgements
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Adecuate Iron Stores | Funtional Iron Deficency | Absolute Iron Deficency | Anemia | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CG | |||||
T11 | 0 (0) | 7 (63.6) | 4 (36.4) | 0 (0) | 0.157 |
T29 | 1 (9.1) | 7 (63.6) | 3 (27.3) | 0 (0) | |
ITG | |||||
T11 | 2 (18.2) | 7 (63.6) | 2 (18.2) | 0 (0) | 0.046 |
T29 | 1 (9.1) | 6 (54.5) | 4 (36.4) | 0 (0) |
Unstandardized Coefficients | Standardized Coefficients | t | Sig. | R2 Adjust | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | Std. Error | Beta | ||||
∆ Half-squat | ||||||
(Constant) | −8.588 | 3.361 | −2.555 | 0.031 | ||
∆TRF | −0.967 | 0.332 | −0.696 | −2.910 | 0.017 | 0.427 |
∆ Pull Over | ||||||
(Constant) | 3.539 | 2.470 | 1.433 | 0.186 | ||
∆FER | 0.123 | 0.032 | 0.788 | 3.839 | 0.004 | 0.580 |
∆ Total Mean Strength | ||||||
(Constant) | −2.735 | 1.481 | −1.847 | 0.098 | ||
∆TRF | −0.501 | 0.148 | −0.578 | −3.387 | 0.008 | 0.689 |
∆FER | 0.048 | 0.015 | 0.556 | 3.259 | 0.010 |
CON | ITG | p | RDA * | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Energy (kcal) | 2744.5 ± 21.6 | 2792.4 ± 34.4 | 0.279 | |
Total Carbohydrates (g) | 288.6 ± 24.2 | 306.22 ± 22.0 | 0.105 | |
Total Proteins (g) | 134.6 ± 14.2 | 138.2 ± 19.3 | 0.648 | |
Animal Proteins (g) | 91.16 ± 15.6 | 95.2 ± 19.0 | 0.618 | |
Vegetable Proteins (g) | 43.6 ± 6.1 | 43.2 ± 3.5 | 0.856 | |
Total Fats (g) | 111.4 ± 9.0 | 108.7 ± 8.8 | 0.515 | |
Ca (mg) | 1168.5 ± 60.2 | 1166.7 ± 66.8 | 0.984 | 1000 |
Mg (mg) | 541.0 ± 31.3 | 554.5 ± 17.9 | 0.699 | 310 |
P (mg) | 2106.1 ± 45.0 | 2126.2 ± 84.4 | 0.846 | 700 |
Fe (mg) | 22.1 ± 1.5 | 23.52 ± 1.12 | 0.454 | 18 |
Zn (mg) | 14.0 ± 0.3 | 14.4 ± 0.7 | 0.605 | 8 |
Vitamin A (µg) | 1791.3 ± 300.3 | 1862.9 ± 247.5 | 0.708 | 700 |
Vitamin E (mg) | 18.3 ± 1.2 | 15.5 ± 0.7 | 0.051 | 15 |
Thiamine (mg) | 2.52 ± 0.08 | 2.43 ± 0.14 | 0.604 | 1.1 |
Riboflavin (mg) | 2.70 ± 0.06 | 2.79 ± 0.17 | 0.678 | 1.1 |
Niacin (mg) | 37.9 ± 2.2 | 38.9 ± 2.3 | 0.749 | 14 |
Vitamin B6 (mg) | 3.77 ± 0.19 | 3.82 ± 0.25 | 0.868 | 1.3 |
Folic Acid (µg) | 624.8 ± 47.7 | 621.3 ± 39.9 | 0.955 | 400 |
Vitamin B12 (µg) | 9.24 ± 0.99 | 9.96 ± 2.01 | 0.767 | 2.4 |
Vitamin C (mg) | 358.4 ± 47.7 | 371.4 ± 36.6 | 0.829 | 75 |
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Mielgo-Ayuso, J.; Zourdos, M.C.; Calleja-González, J.; Córdova, A.; Fernandez-Lázaro, D.; Caballero-García, A. Eleven Weeks of Iron Supplementation Does Not Maintain Iron Status for an Entire Competitive Season in Elite Female Volleyball Players: A Follow-Up Study. Nutrients 2018, 10, 1526. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101526
Mielgo-Ayuso J, Zourdos MC, Calleja-González J, Córdova A, Fernandez-Lázaro D, Caballero-García A. Eleven Weeks of Iron Supplementation Does Not Maintain Iron Status for an Entire Competitive Season in Elite Female Volleyball Players: A Follow-Up Study. Nutrients. 2018; 10(10):1526. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101526
Chicago/Turabian StyleMielgo-Ayuso, Juan, Michael C. Zourdos, Julio Calleja-González, Alfredo Córdova, Diego Fernandez-Lázaro, and Alberto Caballero-García. 2018. "Eleven Weeks of Iron Supplementation Does Not Maintain Iron Status for an Entire Competitive Season in Elite Female Volleyball Players: A Follow-Up Study" Nutrients 10, no. 10: 1526. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101526