Digestive Responses to Fortified Cow or Goat Dairy Drinks: A Randomised Controlled Trial
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Study Procedures
2.4. Study Treatments
2.5. Biochemical Analysis
2.6. Breath Hydrogen Analysis
2.7. Digestive Symptoms and Appetite Visual Analogue Scales
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographics
3.2. Postprandial Amino Acid Response
3.3. Postprandial Glycaemic Response
3.4. Plasma Hormone Response
3.5. Plasma Paracetamol Recovery
3.6. Breath Hydrogen
3.7. Digestive Comfort and Appetite Scores
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Nutrient | Unit | Whole Goat | Whole Cow | Partially Hydrolysed Cow † |
---|---|---|---|---|
Energy | kJ | 255 | 230 | 360 |
Protein | g | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.2 |
Fat | g | 3.1 | 2.1 | 3.6 |
Total carbohydrates | g | 6.1 | 7.0 | 11.0 |
Lactose | g | 3.6 | 3.2 | 4.4 |
Maltodextrin | g | 1.7 | 2.9 | 6.6 |
Fructose | g | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.0 |
Fibre (inulin + oligofructose) | g | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.0 |
Sodium | mg | 23 | 19 | 35 |
Vitamins | ||||
Total vitamin A (RE) | mcg | 63 | 63 | 41 |
Vitamin D3 | mcg | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Vitamin E (TE) | mg | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.4 |
Vitamin C | mg | 9 | 9 | 9 |
Thiamine | mcg | 62 | 69 | 116 |
Riboflavin | mcg | 120 | 137 | 193 |
Niacin | mg | 0.69 | 0.8 | 0.6 |
Folic acid | mcg | 12 | 12 | 21 |
Minerals | ||||
Calcium | mg | 103 | 94 | 122 |
Phosphorus | mg | 77 | 73 | 68 |
Magnesium | mg | 10 | 6.7 | 32 |
Iron | mg | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.3 |
Zinc | mg | 0.52 | 0.50 | 0.6 |
Iodine | mcg | 10 | 9 | 14 |
Other | ||||
Inositol | mg | 7.4 | 8.3 | |
Probiotic cultures | ||||
Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium | CFU (million) | 40 | 40 | 40 |
Amino Acid † | Whole Goat | Whole Cow | Partially Hydrolysed Cow |
---|---|---|---|
mg | |||
Glutamic Acid | 470 | 510 | 393 |
Proline | 235 | 230 | 120 |
Leucine | 214 | 232 | 249 |
Lysine | 174 | 186 | 196 |
Aspartic Acid | 161 | 181 | 247 |
Valine | 153 | 151 | 126 |
Serine | 123 | 111 | 94.1 |
Threonine | 115 | 102 | 142 |
Phenylalanine | 109 | 117 | 77.8 |
lsoleucine | 103 | 123 | 125 |
Tyrosine | 77.5 | 106 | 60.1 |
Alanine | 69.6 | 88.8 | 110 |
Arginine | 62.3 | 79.6 | 55.8 |
Histidine | 61.9 | 66.3 | 43.4 |
Methionine | 52.4 | 63.3 | 47.9 |
Glycine | 38.9 | 45.6 | 43.2 |
Tryptophan | 32.1 | 34.8 | 47.5 |
Cysteine | 21.2 | 20.2 | 63.7 |
Measure | Unit | Males (n = 15) | Females (n = 15) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SEM † | Mean | SEM ‡ | ||
Age | years | 25.3 | 2.8 | 24.8 | 2.2 |
Weight | kg | 74.8 | 10.1 | 58.3 | 7.7 *** |
Height | cm | 175.0 | 4.0 | 164.0 | 4.4 *** |
BMI | kg/m2 | 24.3 | 2.9 | 21.7 | 2.7 * |
Glucose | mmol/L | 5.4 | 0.6 | 5.0 | 0.4 ** |
Insulin | μU/mL | 7.3 | 0.8 | 7.9 | 0.4 |
HOMA-IR | 1.8 | 1.3 | 1.7 | 0.6 |
Amino Acid † | Whole Goat | Whole Cow | Partially Hydrolysed Cow | p Value ‡ | Post Hoc |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alanine | 15392 ± 2104 | 19273 ± 2486 | 18960 ± 2475 | 0.261 | |
Lysine | 8768 ± 807 | 7837 ± 852 | 5903 ± 786 | 0.036 | * |
Proline | 15374 ± 848 | 16301 ± 1105 | 2613 ± 973 | <0.001 | ***^^^ |
Leucine | 1771 ± 565 | 1344 ± 791 | −180 ± 547 | 0.03 | ** |
Isoleucine | 46 ± 300 | 558 ± 554 | −304 ± 358 | 0.219 | |
Valine | 6138 ± 725 | 1676 ± 905 | −6833 ± 795 | <0.001 | ***^^^### |
Tyrosine | 489 ± 244 | 2237 ± 334 | −2395 ± 303 | <0.001 | ***^^^### |
Methionine | 51 ± 115 | 255 ± 153 | −914 ± 126 | <0.001 | ***^^^ |
Phenylalanine | −208 ± 198 | −77 ± 189 | −2388 ± 226 | <0.001 | ***^^^ |
Asparagine | 1095 ± 197 | 1300 ± 207 | 384 ± 242 | 0.003 | *^ |
Citrulline | 3204 ± 471 | 1377 ± 443 | 2609 ± 582 | 0.019 | ## |
Glutamine | 9639 ± 1514 | 5988 ± 1758 | 1146 ± 1674 | <0.001 | ** |
Ornithine | 1108 ± 332 | 791 ± 410 | −636 ± 305 | <0.001 | ***^ |
Histidine | 1579 ± 398 | 1616 ± 453 | −1162 ± 322 | <0.001 | ***^^^ |
Serine | 326 ± 371 | −38 ± 435 | −1646 ± 385 | 0.003 | ** |
Taurine | −3644 ± 2665 | −1634 ± 1671 | −1025 ± 692 | 0.566 | |
Aspartic Acid | −30 ± 92 | −59 ± 106 | −172 ± 38 | 0.211 | |
Glutamic Acid | 518 ± 517 | 652 ± 922 | −1347 ± 617 | 0.027 | * |
Glycine | −2423 ± 731 | −2665 ± 666 | −3877 ± 732 | 0.26 | |
Hydroxy-proline | −208 ± 53 | −330 ± 85 | −292 ± 69 | 0.359 | |
Arginine | 1250 ± 725 | 1167 ± 706 | −2431 ± 604 | <0.001 | **^^ |
Threonine | −1108 ± 172 | −1299 ± 173 | −2160 ± 149 | <0.001 | ***^^^ |
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Milan, A.M.; Hodgkinson, A.J.; Mitchell, S.M.; Prodhan, U.K.; Prosser, C.G.; Carpenter, E.A.; Fraser, K.; Cameron-Smith, D. Digestive Responses to Fortified Cow or Goat Dairy Drinks: A Randomised Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2018, 10, 1492. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101492
Milan AM, Hodgkinson AJ, Mitchell SM, Prodhan UK, Prosser CG, Carpenter EA, Fraser K, Cameron-Smith D. Digestive Responses to Fortified Cow or Goat Dairy Drinks: A Randomised Controlled Trial. Nutrients. 2018; 10(10):1492. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101492
Chicago/Turabian StyleMilan, Amber M., Alison J. Hodgkinson, Sarah M. Mitchell, Utpal K. Prodhan, Colin G. Prosser, Elizabeth A. Carpenter, Karl Fraser, and David Cameron-Smith. 2018. "Digestive Responses to Fortified Cow or Goat Dairy Drinks: A Randomised Controlled Trial" Nutrients 10, no. 10: 1492. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101492