The Impact of Adding Sugars to Milk and Fruit on Adiposity and Diet Quality in Children: A Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Analysis of the Identification and Prevention of Dietary- and Lifestyle-Induced Health Effects in Children and Infants (IDEFICS) Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Subjects and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Physical Examination
2.3. Parental Questionnaire
2.4. Dietary Assessment
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Cross-Sectional Analysis
3.2. Prospective Analysis
4. Discussion
Strenghts & Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Children 2–<6 Years Old | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline (all) | Baseline (subgroup *) | Follow-up (2 years) | ||||
Boys (n = 2368) | Girls (n = 2228) | Boys (n = 1648) | Girls (n = 1556) | Boys (n = 1648) | Girls (n = 1556) | |
Age (years) | 4.2 ± 0.9 | 4.2 ± 0.9 | 4.2 ± 0.9 | 4.2 ± 0.9 | 6.2 ± 1.0 | 6.2 ± 0.9 |
BMI z-score | 0.08 ± 1.13 | 0.12 ± 1.10 | 0.08 ± 1.08 | 0.12 ± 1.11 | 0.20 ± 1.17 | 0.26 ± 1.12 |
WC z-score | −0.13 ± 1.20 | −0.32 ± 1.33 | −0.12 ± 1.16 | −0.29 ± 1.34 | 0.27 ± 1.23 | 0.13 ± 1.32 |
SS, mm | 26.8 ± 8.5 | 30.5 ± 10.0 | 26.5 ± 8.0 | 30.7 ± 9.9 | 16.5 ± 6.8 | 19.1 ± 7.2 |
Body fat, % | 31.0 ± 6.0 | 38.4 ± 6.6 | 30.9 ± 6.0 | 38.5 ± 6.5 | 26.1 ± 6.2 | 32.5 ± 6.1 |
HDAS | 23.3 ± 9.0 | 23.4 ± 9.0 | 23.5 ± 8.9 | 23.9 ± 9.1 | 23.7 ± 9.2 | 24.5 ± 9.2 |
Children 6–<10 Years Old | ||||||
Baseline (all) | Baseline (subgroup) | Follow-up (2 years) | ||||
Boys (n = 2579) | Girls (n = 2654) | Boys (n = 1834) | Girls (n = 1891) | Boys (n = 1834) | Girls (n = 1891) | |
Age (years) | 7.5 ± 0.8 | 7.5 ± 0.8 | 7.4 ± 0.8 | 7.4 ± 0.8 | 9.4 ± 0.8 | 9.4 ± 0.8 |
BMI z-score | 0.45 ± 1.20 | 0.48 ± 1.14 | 0.43 ± 1.19 | 0.44 ± 1.11 | 0.52 ± 1.19 | 0.48 ± 1.10 |
WC z-score | 0.61 ± 1.43 | 0.41 ± 1.48 | 0.61 ± 1.32 | 0.38 ± 1.47 | 0.78 ± 1.23 | 0.59 ± 1.28 |
SS, mm | 33.4 ± 18.4 | 38.6 ± 19.3 | 33.1 ± 17.8 | 37.8 ± 18.5 | 21.6 ± 11.3 | 24.5 ± 11.1 |
Body fat, % | 26.3 ± 7.2 | 31.8 ± 6.8 | 26.1 ± 7.0 | 31.5 ± 6.7 | 28.1 ± 8.3 | 32.7 ± 7.5 |
HDAS | 21.5 ± 8.6 | 22.1 ± 8.9 | 21.9 ± 8.7 | 22.6 ± 9.0 | 22.4 ± 8.7 | 23.1 ± 9.0 |
Children 2–<6 Years Old | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys | Girls | |||||||
SAMF categories | Rarely (n = 670) | Weekly (n = 698) | Daily (n = 1000) | p for trend | Rarely (n = 645) | Weekly (n = 704) | Daily (n = 879) | p for trend |
BMI z-score | 0.13 (0.04; 0.21) | −0.04 (−0.13; 0.04) | 0.14 (0.07; 0.21) | ns | 0.16 (0.07; 0.24) | 0.06 (−0.02; 0.14) | 0.15 (0.08; 0.23) | ns |
WC z-score | −0.17 (−0.27; −0.07) | −0.14 (−0.24; 0.04) | −0.09 (−0.17; −0.01) | ns | −0.29 (−0.40; −0.18) | −0.32 (−0.43; −0.22) | −0.33 (−0.42; −0.23) | ns |
SS, mm * | 26.7 (25.8; 27.6) | 26.5 (25.7; 27.4) | 26.9 (26.3; 27.6) | ns | 30.3 (29.2; 31.4) | 29.9 (28.9; 30.8) | 31.0 (30.2; 31.8) | ns |
Body fat, % * | 31.3 (30.9; 31.7) | 30.3 (30.0; 30.7) | 31.3 (31.0; 31.6) | ns | 38.5 (38.1; 38.9) | 38.1 (37.7; 38.5) | 38.7 (38.3; 39.1) | ns |
HDAS * | 27.9 (27.2; 28.5) | 23.9 (23.3; 24.5) | 19.7 (19.2; 20.2) | <0.0001 | 27.5 (26.9; 28.1) | 24.1 (23.5; 24.7) | 19.8 (19.3; 20.4) | <0.0001 |
Children 6–<10 Years Old | ||||||||
Boys | Girls | |||||||
SAMF categories | Rarely (n = 630) | Weekly (n = 817) | Daily (n = 1132) | p for trend | Rarely (n = 653) | Weekly (n = 913) | Daily (n = 1088) | p for trend |
BMI z-score | 0.40 (0.31; 0.49) | 0.38 (0.30; 0.46) | 0.53 (0.46; 0.60) | 0.02 | 0.39 (0.31; 0.48 | 0.43 (0.35; 0.50) | 0.57 (0.50; 0.64) | 0.002 |
WC z-score | 0.58 (0.47; 0.70) | 0.52 (0.42; 0.62) | 0.70 (0.61; 0.78) | ns | 0.36 (0.25; 0.47) | 0.36 (0.27; 0.46) | 0.48 (0.39; 0.57) | ns |
SS, mm * | 31.3 (29.4; 33.1) | 32.4 (30.9; 33.9) | 34.9 (33.7; 36.0) | 0.001 | 37.3 (36.4; 39.2) | 36.5 (34.9; 38.0) | 40.6 (39.3; 41.9) | 0.001 |
Body fat, % * | 25.8 (25.2; 26.3) | 25.7 (25.2; 26.2) | 27.0 (26.6; 27.5) | <0.0001 | 31.4 (30.9; 32.0) | 31.3 (30.9; 31.8) | 32.5 (32.0; 32.9) | 0.002 |
HDAS * | 25.9 (25.3; 26.5) | 22.1 (21.6; 22.7) | 18.6 (18.2; 19.1) | <0.0001 | 26.2 (25.6; 26.8) | 23.0 (22.5; 23.6) | 19.0 (18.5; 19.5) | <0.0001 |
Children 2–<6 Years Old at Baseline | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys | Girls | |||||||
SAMF categories | Rarely (n = 490) | Weekly (n = 488) | Daily (n = 670) | p for trend | Rarely (n = 469) | Weekly (n = 477) | Daily (n = 610) | p for trend |
BMI z-score | 0.06 (−0.01; 0.13) | 0.10 (0.03; 0.16) | 0.19 (0.13; 0.25) | 0.005 | 0.10 (0.04; 0.16) | 0.10 (0.04; 0.16) | 0.19 (0.14; 0.24) | 0.03 |
WC z-score | 0.37 (0.29; 0.45) | 0.41 (0.34; 0.49) | 0.55 (0.49; 0.62) | 0.001 | 0.42 (0.33; 0.50) | 0.41 (0.33; 0.50) | 0.56 (0.49; 0.64) | 0.01 |
SS * | −10.1 (−10.6; −9.5) | −10.2 (−10.7; −9.7) | −9.4 (−9.8; −9.0) | 0.05 | −11.7 (−12.2; −11.1) | −11.3 (−11.9; −10.8) | −10.8 (−11.2; −10.3) | 0.02 |
Body fat * | −5.1 (−5.5; −4.6) | −5.0 (−5.4; −4.6) | −4.3 (−4.7; −4.0) | 0.009 | −6.0 (−6.4; −5.6) | −6.3 (−6.7; −5.9) | −6.0 (−6.4; −5.7) | ns |
HDAS * at follow-up | 27.7 (26.9; 28.5) | 24.4 (23.6; 25.2) | 20.1 (19.5; 20.9) | <0.0001 | 27.8 (27.0; 28.6) | 25.2 (24.4; 26.0) | 21.2 (20.5; 22.0) | <0.0001 |
Children 6–<10 Years Old at Baseline | ||||||||
Boys | Girls | |||||||
SAMF categories | Rarely (n = 466) | Weekly (n = 559) | Daily (n = 809) | p for trend | Rarely (n = 462) | Weekly (n = 643) | Daily (n = 786) | p for trend |
BMI z-score | 0.01 (−0.05; 0.06) | 0.07 (0.03; 0.12) | 0.15 (0.10; 0.19) | <0.0001 | 0.06 (0.02; 0.10) | 0.01 (−0.03; 0.04) | 0.07 (0.04; 0.10) | ns |
WC z-score | 0.11 (0.05; 0.17) | 0.16 (0.11; 0.22) | 0.19 (0.14; 0.24) | 0.05 | 0.16 (0.08; 0.23) | 0.18 (0.12; 0.25) | 0.25 (0.19; 0.31) | 0.05 |
SS * | −11.1 (−11.8; −10.3) | −10.7 (−11.2; −10.1) | −10.3 (−10.7; −9.8) | 0.05 | −12.8 (−13.4; −12.1) | −13.2 (−13.8; −12.6) | −12.6 (−13.0; −12.2) | ns |
Body fat * | 1.5 (1.1; 1.9) | 2.0 (1.7; 2.4) | 2.4 (2.1; 2.7) | 0.001 | 1.2 (0.9; 1.5) | 1.0 (0.7; 1.2) | 1.4 (1.1; 1.7) | ns |
HDAS * at follow-up | 25.8 (25.0; 26.6) | 23.0 (22.2; 23.7) | 20.1 (19.5; 20.7) | <0.0001 | 26.4 (25.5; 27.2) | 24.3 (23.6; 25.0) | 20.1 (19.5; 20.7) | <0.0001 |
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Dello Russo, M.; Ahrens, W.; De Henauw, S.; Eiben, G.; Hebestreit, A.; Kourides, Y.; Lissner, L.; Molnar, D.; Moreno, L.A.; Pala, V.; Veidebaum, T.; Siani, A.; Russo, P.; On behalf of the IDEFICS Consortium. The Impact of Adding Sugars to Milk and Fruit on Adiposity and Diet Quality in Children: A Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Analysis of the Identification and Prevention of Dietary- and Lifestyle-Induced Health Effects in Children and Infants (IDEFICS) Study. Nutrients 2018, 10, 1350. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101350
Dello Russo M, Ahrens W, De Henauw S, Eiben G, Hebestreit A, Kourides Y, Lissner L, Molnar D, Moreno LA, Pala V, Veidebaum T, Siani A, Russo P, On behalf of the IDEFICS Consortium. The Impact of Adding Sugars to Milk and Fruit on Adiposity and Diet Quality in Children: A Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Analysis of the Identification and Prevention of Dietary- and Lifestyle-Induced Health Effects in Children and Infants (IDEFICS) Study. Nutrients. 2018; 10(10):1350. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101350
Chicago/Turabian StyleDello Russo, Marika, Wolfgang Ahrens, Stefaan De Henauw, Gabriele Eiben, Antje Hebestreit, Yannis Kourides, Lauren Lissner, Denes Molnar, Luis A. Moreno, Valeria Pala, Toomas Veidebaum, Alfonso Siani, Paola Russo, and On behalf of the IDEFICS Consortium. 2018. "The Impact of Adding Sugars to Milk and Fruit on Adiposity and Diet Quality in Children: A Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Analysis of the Identification and Prevention of Dietary- and Lifestyle-Induced Health Effects in Children and Infants (IDEFICS) Study" Nutrients 10, no. 10: 1350. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101350