Urban–Rural Contrasts in Central-Eastern European Cities Using a MODIS 4 Micron Time Series
1
Geospatial Sciences Center of Excellence, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
2
Department of Natural Resource Management, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Remote Sens. 2016, 8(11), 924; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8110924
Received: 1 July 2016 / Accepted: 27 October 2016 / Published: 6 November 2016
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Application of Thermal Urban Remote Sensing to Understand and Monitor Urban Climates)
A primary impact of urbanization on the local climate is evident in the phenomenon recognized as the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect. This urban thermal anomaly can increase the health risks of vulnerable populations to heat waves. The surface UHI results from emittance in the longer wavelengths of the thermal infrared; however, there are also urban anomalies that are detectable from radiance in the shorter wavelengths (3–5 micron) of the Middle Infrared (MIR). Radiance in the MIR can penetrate urban haze which frequently obscures urban areas by scattering visible and near infrared radiation. We analyzed seasonal and spatial variations in MIR for three Central European cities from 2003 through 2012 using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) band 23 (~4 micron) to evaluate whether MIR radiance could be used to characterize heat anomalies associated with urban areas. We examined the seasonality of MIR radiance over urban areas and nearby croplands and found that the urban MIR anomalies varied due to time of year: cropland MIR could be larger than urban MIR when there was more exposed soil at planting and harvest times. Further, we compared monthly mean MIR with the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to analyze contrasts between urban and rural areas. We found that the seasonal dynamic range of the MIR could exceed that of the NDVI. We explored the linkage between meteorological data and MIR radiance and found a range of responses from strong to weak dependence of MIR radiance on maximum temperature and accumulated precipitation. Our results extend the understanding of the anomalous characteristics of urban areas within a rural matrix.
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Keywords:
Middle Infrared (MIR) images; urban remote sensing; view zenith angle; Bucharest; Budapest; Warsaw; heat anomaly
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This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited
MDPI and ACS Style
Tomaszewska, M.; Henebry, G.M. Urban–Rural Contrasts in Central-Eastern European Cities Using a MODIS 4 Micron Time Series. Remote Sens. 2016, 8, 924. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8110924
AMA Style
Tomaszewska M, Henebry GM. Urban–Rural Contrasts in Central-Eastern European Cities Using a MODIS 4 Micron Time Series. Remote Sensing. 2016; 8(11):924. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8110924
Chicago/Turabian StyleTomaszewska, Monika; Henebry, Geoffrey M. 2016. "Urban–Rural Contrasts in Central-Eastern European Cities Using a MODIS 4 Micron Time Series" Remote Sens. 8, no. 11: 924. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8110924
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