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Remote Sensing
Volume 18
Issue 1
10.3390/rs18010092
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Spatiotemporal Dynamics and Budget of Particulate Organic Carbon in China’s Marginal Seas Based on MODIS-Aqua

by
Xudong Cui
*,
Guijun Han
,
Wei Li
,
Xuan Wang
,
Haowen Wu
,
Lige Cao
,
Gongfu Zhou
,
Qingyu Zheng
,
Yang Zhang
and
Qiang Luo
Tianjin Key Laboratory for Marine Environmental Research and Service, School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Remote Sens. 2026, 18(1), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18010092 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 22 October 2025 / Revised: 22 December 2025 / Accepted: 24 December 2025 / Published: 26 December 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing for Monitoring Water and Carbon Cycles)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Using MODIS-Aqua satellite observations, this study analyzes the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of particulate organic carbon (POC) in China’s marginal seas from 2003 to 2024. The statistical relationships between various marine environmental variables, including sea surface temperature (SST), nutrients, and primary production (PP), and POC concentrations are explored using partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM). Finally, a box model approach is conducted to assess the POC budget in the study area. The results indicate that the POC concentration in the marginal seas of China generally exhibits a characteristic of being high in spring and low in summer. The highest concentration of POC is observed in the Bohai Sea, followed by the Yellow Sea, and the lowest in the East China Sea, with coastal waters exhibiting higher POC concentrations compared to the central areas. The spatial distribution and seasonal changes in POC are jointly influenced by PP, water mass exchange, resuspended sediments, and terrestrial inputs. Large-scale climate modes show statistical associations with POC concentration in the open waters of China’s marginal seas. PP and respiratory consumption are identified as the predominant input and output fluxes, respectively, in China’s marginal seas. This study enriches the understanding of carbon cycling processes and carbon sink mechanisms in marginal seas.
Keywords: MODIS; particulate organic carbon; environmental forcing; carbon budget; marginal seas MODIS; particulate organic carbon; environmental forcing; carbon budget; marginal seas

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MDPI and ACS Style

Cui, X.; Han, G.; Li, W.; Wang, X.; Wu, H.; Cao, L.; Zhou, G.; Zheng, Q.; Zhang, Y.; Luo, Q. Spatiotemporal Dynamics and Budget of Particulate Organic Carbon in China’s Marginal Seas Based on MODIS-Aqua. Remote Sens. 2026, 18, 92. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18010092

AMA Style

Cui X, Han G, Li W, Wang X, Wu H, Cao L, Zhou G, Zheng Q, Zhang Y, Luo Q. Spatiotemporal Dynamics and Budget of Particulate Organic Carbon in China’s Marginal Seas Based on MODIS-Aqua. Remote Sensing. 2026; 18(1):92. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18010092

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cui, Xudong, Guijun Han, Wei Li, Xuan Wang, Haowen Wu, Lige Cao, Gongfu Zhou, Qingyu Zheng, Yang Zhang, and Qiang Luo. 2026. "Spatiotemporal Dynamics and Budget of Particulate Organic Carbon in China’s Marginal Seas Based on MODIS-Aqua" Remote Sensing 18, no. 1: 92. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18010092

APA Style

Cui, X., Han, G., Li, W., Wang, X., Wu, H., Cao, L., Zhou, G., Zheng, Q., Zhang, Y., & Luo, Q. (2026). Spatiotemporal Dynamics and Budget of Particulate Organic Carbon in China’s Marginal Seas Based on MODIS-Aqua. Remote Sensing, 18(1), 92. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18010092

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