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Remote Sensing
Volume 18
Issue 1
10.3390/rs18010015
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Combining Ground Penetrating Radar and a Terrestrial Laser Scanner to Constrain EM Velocity: A Novel Approach for Masonry Wall Characterization in Cultural Heritage Applications

by
Giorgio Alaia
1,*,
Maurizio Ercoli
1,
Raffaella Brigante
2,
Laura Marconi
2,
Nicola Cavalagli
3 and
Fabio Radicioni
2
1
Dipartimento di Fisica e Geologia, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Piazza dell’Università, 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
2
Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Goffredo Duranti, 93, 06125 Perugia, Italy
3
Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile ed Ambientale, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Goffredo Duranti, 93, 06125 Perugia, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Remote Sens. 2026, 18(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18010015 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 10 November 2025 / Revised: 11 December 2025 / Accepted: 12 December 2025 / Published: 20 December 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote, Proximal Sensing and Geophysics for Cultural Heritage Knowledge and Conservation (Second Edition))
Versions Notes

Abstract

In this paper, the combined use of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and a Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) is illustrated to highlight multiple advantages arising from the integration of these two distinct Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) techniques in the investigation of a historical wall. In particular, thanks to the TLS point cloud, a precise evaluation of the medium’s thickness, as well as its irregularities, was carried out. Based on this accurate geometrical constraint, a first-order velocity model, to be used for a time-to-depth conversion and for a post-stack GPR data migration, was computed. Moreover, a joint visualization of both datasets (GPR and TLS) was achieved in a novel tridimensional workspace. This solution provided a more straightforward and efficient way of testing the reliability of the combined results, proving the efficiency of the proposed method in the estimation of a velocity model, especially in comparison to conventional GPR methods. This demonstrates how the integration of different remote sensing methodologies can yield a more solid interpretation, taking into account the uncertainties related to the geometrical irregularities of the external wall’s surface and the inner structure generating complex GPR signatures.
Keywords: NDT; GPR; TLS; velocity model; masonry; cultural heritage; conservation NDT; GPR; TLS; velocity model; masonry; cultural heritage; conservation

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MDPI and ACS Style

Alaia, G.; Ercoli, M.; Brigante, R.; Marconi, L.; Cavalagli, N.; Radicioni, F. Combining Ground Penetrating Radar and a Terrestrial Laser Scanner to Constrain EM Velocity: A Novel Approach for Masonry Wall Characterization in Cultural Heritage Applications. Remote Sens. 2026, 18, 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18010015

AMA Style

Alaia G, Ercoli M, Brigante R, Marconi L, Cavalagli N, Radicioni F. Combining Ground Penetrating Radar and a Terrestrial Laser Scanner to Constrain EM Velocity: A Novel Approach for Masonry Wall Characterization in Cultural Heritage Applications. Remote Sensing. 2026; 18(1):15. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18010015

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alaia, Giorgio, Maurizio Ercoli, Raffaella Brigante, Laura Marconi, Nicola Cavalagli, and Fabio Radicioni. 2026. "Combining Ground Penetrating Radar and a Terrestrial Laser Scanner to Constrain EM Velocity: A Novel Approach for Masonry Wall Characterization in Cultural Heritage Applications" Remote Sensing 18, no. 1: 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18010015

APA Style

Alaia, G., Ercoli, M., Brigante, R., Marconi, L., Cavalagli, N., & Radicioni, F. (2026). Combining Ground Penetrating Radar and a Terrestrial Laser Scanner to Constrain EM Velocity: A Novel Approach for Masonry Wall Characterization in Cultural Heritage Applications. Remote Sensing, 18(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18010015

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