Study on the Identification Method of Planar Geological Structures in Coal Mines Using Ground-Penetrating Radar
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- Limited detection accuracy: As shown in Figure 2a, the coal mining face is a fully enclosed and confined space, with typical height and width dimensions of 3 m and 5 m, respectively. In extreme geological conditions, this space becomes even narrower, severely restricting the layout of survey lines. Due to these spatial constraints, only one or two survey lines can be arranged on the mining face, leading to highly limited spatial coverage and data acquisition (Figure 2c). This makes precise analysis of the unknown geological conditions ahead extremely difficult.
- Limited detection range: As shown in Figure 2b, the survey lines are positioned on the mining face, allowing for detection only in the direction of mining operations. However, it is ineffective in detecting potential geological hazards in areas beyond the observation range, such as the roof of the coal mine roadway (Figure 2a).
- Limited detection depth: While the theoretical detection depth of GPR in mine environments can reach tens of meters, the actual effective depth is limited to only a few meters to over ten meters. This is primarily due to the exponential attenuation of high-frequency electromagnetic waves as they propagate through the medium, weakening the strength of deep signals. Additionally, signals reflected by steel supports, metal mesh, and electromagnetic interference from mining equipment, along with scattered signals in confined spaces, are all captured by the receiving antenna, further reducing the signal-to-noise ratio of deep detections. In the absence of stable geological structure features and prior geological information, effectively distinguishing geological information from the interference signals becomes extremely difficult, presenting additional challenges for the processing, analysis, and interpretation of deep data.
- Limited spatial information on geological structures: GPR is based on the principle of electromagnetic wave reflection and detects geological structures according to differences in dielectric properties. When geological structures develop in horizontal or vertical directions and are either parallel or at steep angles to the mining direction, their reflected signals may be directed into unknown areas and cannot be captured by the receiving antenna. This can result in suboptimal detection of geological structures, making it challenging to obtain critical geological information such as spatial distribution and extension direction.
- Higher detection accuracy: During the spatial scanning process, the detection area is divided into sector scanning units, with the antenna transmitting and receiving signals at the center of each unit. As the rotation angles and are adjusted, the transmission points Tri, where I = , ,…, ,…, , ,…, , and the corresponding reception points Rei, change accordingly. This method allows for fine-grained management of the scanning space, significantly increasing the amount of spatial detection data (as shown in Figure 3c) and enhancing detection accuracy. Additionally, this detection approach eliminates the need for laying detection lines along the working face, thus freeing the detection equipment from the constraints of the working surface.
- Significant expansion of detection range: As illustrated in Figure 3a,b, there is no need to deploy survey lines above the mining working face for wall-attached detection, thereby removing spatial constraints imposed by the working face. By utilizing the spatial scanning system, comprehensive coverage from −90° to 90° in both horizontal and vertical directions (as shown in Figure 4a,d) can be achieved, facilitating the exploration of nearly all potential detection areas along the mining direction.
- Capacity for obtaining spatial distribution information of geological structures: This method is especially suitable for planar geological structures (such as faults, thin coal layers, etc.), which exhibit stable response characteristics. Through detailed analysis of energy variation characteristics, geological structures can be accurately identified amidst numerous interference signals. Moreover, crucial geological information, including spatial distribution, can be obtained based on changes in rotation angles during the detection process. The subsequent sections of this paper will delve into how this method significantly enhances detection accuracy and retrieval of spatial distribution information.
3. Simulation Experiment and Result Analysis
3.1. Experimental Detection of Target Response Characteristics
3.1.1. Detection Process and Phenomena
3.1.2. Analysis of Detection Results
3.2. Experiment and Analysis of Target Spatial Distribution
4. Experimental in Underground Coal Mine Environment
4.1. Detection Process and Phenomena
4.2. Analysis of Detection Results
5. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Tilt Angle | Peak Energy Position | Half-Power Decay Range |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 0° | −2° | −31.4°~30.8° |
2 | 15° | 14.4° | −18.8°~43° |
3 | 30° | 27.2° | 2.6°~47.6° |
4 | 45° | 41.8° | 19.4°~62° |
5 | 60° | 55.8° | 31.2°~68.6° |
6 | 75° | 72° | 48.8°~90° |
No. | Medium | Conductivity (S/m) | Relative Permittivity (F/m) | Electromagnetic Wave Speed (m/ns) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Sand stone | 4 × 10−5 | 4.6 | 0.14 |
2 | Coking coal | 2.7 × 10−5 | 2.8 | 0.179 |
3 | Lean coal | 2.21 × 10−5 | 2.6 | 0.186 |
4 | Mud stone | 1 × 10−4 | 6.5 | 0.118 |
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Liu, J.; Tang, X.; Yang, F.; Qiao, X.; Li, F.; Peng, S.; Huang, X.; Fang, Y.; Xu, M. Study on the Identification Method of Planar Geological Structures in Coal Mines Using Ground-Penetrating Radar. Remote Sens. 2024, 16, 3990. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16213990
Liu J, Tang X, Yang F, Qiao X, Li F, Peng S, Huang X, Fang Y, Xu M. Study on the Identification Method of Planar Geological Structures in Coal Mines Using Ground-Penetrating Radar. Remote Sensing. 2024; 16(21):3990. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16213990
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Jialin, Xiaosong Tang, Feng Yang, Xu Qiao, Fanruo Li, Suping Peng, Xinxin Huang, Yuanjin Fang, and Maoxuan Xu. 2024. "Study on the Identification Method of Planar Geological Structures in Coal Mines Using Ground-Penetrating Radar" Remote Sensing 16, no. 21: 3990. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16213990
APA StyleLiu, J., Tang, X., Yang, F., Qiao, X., Li, F., Peng, S., Huang, X., Fang, Y., & Xu, M. (2024). Study on the Identification Method of Planar Geological Structures in Coal Mines Using Ground-Penetrating Radar. Remote Sensing, 16(21), 3990. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16213990