Greenland-Ice-Sheet Surface Temperature and Melt Extent from 2000 to 2020 and Implications for Mass Balance
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data
2.1.1. MODIS LST
2.1.2. PROMICE Data
2.1.3. Mass Balance Data
2.1.4. Other Relevant Data
2.2. Method
2.3. Accuracy Verification of MODIS LST
3. Results
3.1. Spatial Distribution and Trend of LST of the GrIS
3.2. Changes in Summer LST and Its Indicative Melt Extent
3.2.1. Summer LST Anomaly
3.2.2. Summer Surface Ablation in Extreme Years
3.3. Correlation between Changes in Summer LST and MB in the GrIS
4. Discussion
4.1. Uncertainty in Analysis
4.2. Relation between the GrIS LST and Atmospheric Circulation
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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NO | NE | SE | SW | CW | NW | Mean | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2001 | −27.79 ± 3.57 | −28.17 ± 4.84 | −20.07 ± 5.69 | −18.74 ± 3.81 | −25.38 ± 5.27 | −25.98 ± 5.03 | −25.67 ± 5.77 |
2002 | −25.90 ± 3.12 | −26.55 ± 4.35 | −20.39 ± 5.41 | −18.87 ± 4.05 | −24.72 ± 5.11 | −24.66 ± 5.02 | −24.51 ± 5.16 |
2003 | −26.04 ± 3.01 | −26.61 ± 4.42 | −19.48 ± 4.91 | −17.66 ± 3.54 | −24.25 ± 5.30 | −24.53 ± 5.12 | −24.29 ± 5.33 |
2004 | −26.52 ± 3.42 | −27.06 ± 4.61 | −20.15 ± 5.22 | −19.46 ± 3.77 | −25.71 ± 5.05 | −25.83 ± 5.08 | −25.13 ± 5.33 |
2005 | −25.73 ± 3.25 | −26.38 ± 4.79 | −19.48 ± 5.67 | −18.61 ± 3.89 | −25.34 ± 5.10 | −25.14 ± 5.13 | −24.45 ± 5.44 |
2006 | −26.41 ± 3.51 | −27.10 ± 4.67 | −19.85 ± 5.52 | −19.12 ± 3.89 | −25.53 ± 5.16 | −25.68 ± 5.32 | −25.01 ± 5.50 |
2007 | −26.99 ± 3.30 | −27.74 ± 4.78 | −20.64 ± 5.37 | −19.45 ± 3.75 | −25.75 ± 5.27 | −25.58 ± 4.96 | −25.46 ± 5.42 |
2008 | −26.15 ± 3.31 | −27.48 ± 4.72 | −20.72 ± 5.52 | −19.75 ± 3.71 | −26.09 ± 5.17 | −25.64 ± 5.14 | −25.28 ± 5.34 |
2009 | −26.37 ± 3.47 | −27.73 ± 4.88 | −20.64 ± 5.20 | −18.91 ± 4.07 | −25.08 ± 5.50 | −25.46 ± 5.53 | −25.19 ± 5.60 |
2010 | −24.48 ± 3.31 | −25.20 ± 4.36 | −17.39 ± 4.92 | −14.56 ± 3.72 | −21.76 ± 5.35 | −22.92 ± 5.11 | −22.48 ± 5.61 |
2011 | −27.18 ± 3.29 | −28.01 ± 4.87 | −21.42 ± 5.44 | −20.91 ± 4.34 | −26.94 ± 4.94 | −27.07 ± 5.38 | −26.17 ± 5.41 |
2012 | −25.67 ± 3.35 | −26.50 ± 4.65 | −19.31 ± 5.01 | −19.36 ± 3.63 | −25.34 ± 4.41 | −25.40 ± 4.73 | −24.56 ± 5.15 |
2013 | −27.25 ± 3.53 | −28.10 ± 4.72 | −20.79 ± 5.61 | −19.02 ± 3.99 | −25.99 ± 5.42 | −26.12 ± 5.29 | −25.73 ± 5.64 |
2014 | −26.43 ± 3.49 | −27.16 ± 4.81 | −20.03 ± 5.10 | −19.87 ± 3.45 | −25.09 ± 5.11 | −25.43 ± 5.39 | −25.03 ± 5.38 |
2015 | −27.42 ± 3.31 | −28.53 ± 4.92 | −21.62 ± 5.72 | −22.24 ± 3.82 | −27.48 ± 4.70 | −26.60 ± 5.04 | −26.49 ± 5.30 |
2016 | −24.52 ± 3.15 | −25.56 ± 4.47 | −18.51 ± 4.94 | −18.05 ± 3.47 | −23.42 ± 4.95 | −23.64 ± 4.92 | −23.32 ± 5.11 |
2017 | −26.45 ± 3.36 | −26.77 ± 4.62 | −20.02 ± 5.29 | −18.57 ± 3.64 | −24.89 ± 5.16 | −25.17 ± 5.07 | −24.74 ± 5.36 |
2018 | −26.52 ± 3.49 | −27.43 ± 4.72 | −20.58 ± 5.46 | −19.79 ± 4.03 | −25.02 ± 5.24 | −25.68 ± 5.19 | −25.22 ± 5.41 |
2019 | −24.87 ± 3.16 | −26.11 ± 4.42 | −20.14 ± 5.00 | −17.88 ± 3.84 | −23.88 ± 5.46 | −23.56 ± 5.03 | −23.78 ± 5.15 |
2020 | −26.67 ± 3.52 | −28.12 ± 4.98 | −21.26 ± 5.81 | −19.11 ± 3.97 | −26.13 ± 5.82 | −26.20 ± 5.12 | −25.77 ± 5.60 |
Mean | −26.24 ± 3.39 | −27.09 ± 4.72 | −20.03 ± 5.42 | −19.01 ± 3.81 | −25.18 ± 5.18 | −25.28 ± 5.17 | −24.86 ± 5.46 |
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Fang, Z.; Wang, N.; Wu, Y.; Zhang, Y. Greenland-Ice-Sheet Surface Temperature and Melt Extent from 2000 to 2020 and Implications for Mass Balance. Remote Sens. 2023, 15, 1149. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15041149
Fang Z, Wang N, Wu Y, Zhang Y. Greenland-Ice-Sheet Surface Temperature and Melt Extent from 2000 to 2020 and Implications for Mass Balance. Remote Sensing. 2023; 15(4):1149. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15041149
Chicago/Turabian StyleFang, Zhenxiang, Ninglian Wang, Yuwei Wu, and Yujie Zhang. 2023. "Greenland-Ice-Sheet Surface Temperature and Melt Extent from 2000 to 2020 and Implications for Mass Balance" Remote Sensing 15, no. 4: 1149. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15041149