Unabated Global Ocean Warming Revealed by Ocean Heat Content from Remote Sensing Reconstruction
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Methods
3. Results
3.1. Time Evolution of OHC
3.2. Earth’s Energy Imbalance for Validation
3.3. Global OHC Trends and Ocean Warming Tracking
3.4. Global OHC Changes with ENSO
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Data | Data Type | Time | Grid Spacing |
---|---|---|---|
OPEN | 3D OHC dataset | 1993.01- | 1° × 1° |
IAP | 3D temperature dataset | 1940.01- | 1° × 1° |
EN4 | 3D temperature dataset | 1900.01- | 1° × 1° |
Ishii | 3D temperature dataset | 1955.01- | 1° × 1° |
ORAS5 | 3D temperature dataset | 1979.01- | 1° × 1° |
CERES | TOA fluxes dataset | 2000.03- | 1° × 1° |
MOHeaCAN v2.1 | the OHC-EEI product | 2002.08- | 1° × 1° |
SST | Sea surface temperature | 1981.01- | 1° × 1° |
ONI | ENSO index | 1870.01- | - |
Period | 0–300 m | 0–700 m | 0–2000 m | 700–2000 m |
---|---|---|---|---|
1993–2021 | 0.38 ± 0.10 | 0.58 ± 0.17 | 0.88 ± 0.26 | 0.30 ± 0.14 |
2005–2021 | 0.40 ± 0.12 | 0.61 ± 0.16 | 0.93 ± 0.18 | 0.31 ± 0.15 |
2011–2021 | 0.52 ± 0.19 | 0.80 ± 0.29 | 1.11 ± 0.30 | 0.32 ± 0.08 |
Data | Period | Positive Trend | Negative Trend | Significantly Positive Trend | Significantly Negative Trend |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
OPEN | 1993–2021 | 88.4% | 11.6% | 85.6% | 10.0% |
IAP | 1993–2021 | 87.5% | 12.5% | 82.9% | 9.7% |
EN4 | 1993–2021 | 83.6% | 16.4% | 79.1% | 13.4% |
ORAS5 | 1993–2018 | 83.1% | 16.9% | 78.4% | 13.3% |
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Su, H.; Wei, Y.; Lu, W.; Yan, X.-H.; Zhang, H. Unabated Global Ocean Warming Revealed by Ocean Heat Content from Remote Sensing Reconstruction. Remote Sens. 2023, 15, 566. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15030566
Su H, Wei Y, Lu W, Yan X-H, Zhang H. Unabated Global Ocean Warming Revealed by Ocean Heat Content from Remote Sensing Reconstruction. Remote Sensing. 2023; 15(3):566. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15030566
Chicago/Turabian StyleSu, Hua, Yanan Wei, Wenfang Lu, Xiao-Hai Yan, and Hongsheng Zhang. 2023. "Unabated Global Ocean Warming Revealed by Ocean Heat Content from Remote Sensing Reconstruction" Remote Sensing 15, no. 3: 566. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15030566