What Is the Threshold Elevation at Which Climatic Factors Determine Snow Cover Variability? A Case Study of the Keriya River Basin
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Sources
2.3. Methods
2.3.1. Snow Cover Frequency (SCF)
2.3.2. Sen’s Slope and Mann–Kendall Trend Test Methods
2.3.3. Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR)
3. Results
3.1. Variation Characteristics of Snow Cover
3.2. Vertical Distribution Characteristics of Snow Cover and Climatic Factors
3.3. Vertical Distribution Characteristics of the Main Control Factors of SCF
4. Discussion
4.1. Compared with the Threshold Elevation of Previous Studies
4.2. Future Work
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Name | Spatial Resolution | Temporal Resolution | Period | Resource | Website |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Snow cover | 500 m × 500 m | Daily | 2000–2020 | A new MODIS snow cover extent product over China | http://data.tpdc.ac.cn/ (accessed on 1 October 2022) |
Air temperature | 1 km × 1 km | Monthly | 2000–2020 | 1-km monthly mean temperature dataset for China | http://data.tpdc.ac.cn/ (accessed on 5 January 2023) |
Precipitation | 0.1° × 0.1° | Monthly | 2000–2020 | ERA5-Land | https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/ (accessed on 5 January 2023) |
Wind speed | 10 km × 10 km | Monthly | 2000–2020 | HAR v2 | https://www.klima.tu-berlin.de/ (accessed on 8 January 2023) |
DEM | 90 m | N/A | 2000 | SRTM | http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org (accessed on 1 October 2022) |
Study Area | Data | Threshold Elevation | Method | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Yarlung Zangbo River basin | MOD10A2 snow cover MOD11A2 land surface temperature CHIRPS precipitation | 2100 ± 200 m 3200 ± 300 m 5925 ± 125 m | Pearson correlation The intersection point of the two correlation coefficient lines | Ban et al. [28] |
Manas River Basin in the Central Tianshan Mountains | MOD10A2 snow cover MOD11A2 land surface temperature CHIRPS precipitation | 1400 ± 100 m 3900 ± 400 m | Pearson correlation The intersection point of the two correlation coefficient lines | Wu et al. [29] |
Upper Heihe River Basin | MOD10A1, MYD10A1, and MOD10A2 snow cover Air temperature from two weather stations and MOD11A2 land surface temperature APHRODITE precipitation | 3650 ± 150 m | Pearson correlation The intersection point of the regression lines of correlation coefficients between high altitude and low altitude | Bi et al. [30] |
Six mountains of the Western United States | WRF (SWE, air temperature, and precipitation) | 1580–2181 m | Pearson correlation The intersection point of two fitting lines with correlation coefficients | Scalzitti et al. [31] |
Eastern central region of the Columbia River basin in the Central Rocky Mountains | SNOTEL (SWE, temperature, and precipitation) | 1560 ± 120 m | Pearson correlation The intersection point of two least squares regression lines with correlation coefficients | Sospedra-Alfonso et al. [32] |
Three main mountainous areas of Switzerland | MeteoSwiss (snow depth, air temperature, and precipitation) | 1400 ± 200 m | Least squares linear regressions The intersection point of two fitting lines with regression coefficients | Morán-Tejeda et al. [33] |
Keriya River Basin | A new MODIS snow cover extent product over China 1-km monthly mean temperature dataset for China ERA5-Land precipitation HAR v2 wind speed | 2585 m (range 2426–2723 m) 3447 m (range 3125–3774 m) 4251 m (range 4126–4375 m) 5256 m (range 4975–5524 m) 5992 m (range 5874–6425 m) | Partial Least Squares Regression Alterations in the primary SCF controlling factors and transitions in positive and negative impacts of main control factors | This study |
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Yan, W.; Wang, Y.; Ma, X.; Tan, Y.; Yan, J.; Liu, M.; Liu, S. What Is the Threshold Elevation at Which Climatic Factors Determine Snow Cover Variability? A Case Study of the Keriya River Basin. Remote Sens. 2023, 15, 4725. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15194725
Yan W, Wang Y, Ma X, Tan Y, Yan J, Liu M, Liu S. What Is the Threshold Elevation at Which Climatic Factors Determine Snow Cover Variability? A Case Study of the Keriya River Basin. Remote Sensing. 2023; 15(19):4725. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15194725
Chicago/Turabian StyleYan, Wei, Yifan Wang, Xiaofei Ma, Yaogeng Tan, Junhui Yan, Minghua Liu, and Sutao Liu. 2023. "What Is the Threshold Elevation at Which Climatic Factors Determine Snow Cover Variability? A Case Study of the Keriya River Basin" Remote Sensing 15, no. 19: 4725. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15194725