The Possible Seismo-Ionospheric Perturbations Recorded by the China-Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Satellite and Payloads
3. Data Preprocessing Methods
4. Results
4.1. Single Orbit Analysis
4.2. Multi-Orbits Analysis
4.3. Background Map
4.4. Multi-Parameter Comparisons
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Detection Objectives | Payloads | Parameters |
---|---|---|
The geomagnetic field | High-Precision Magnetometer (HPM) | Including two tri-axial fluxgate magnetometers (FGMs) and one coupled dark-state magnetometer (CDSM) Detection band: DC to 15 Hz The vector and scalar values |
The electromagnetic field | Search-Coil Magnetometer (SCM) | The waveform or power spectral density values in the three frequency bands: ULF: 10 Hz–200 Hz, sampling rate 1024 Hz ELF: 200 Hz–2200 Hz, sampling rate 10.24 kHz, VLF: 1.8 kHz–20 kHz, sampling rate 50 kHz |
Electric field detector (EFD) | The waveform or power spectral density values in the four frequency bands: ULF: DC–16 Hz, sampling rate 128 Hz, ELF: 6 Hz–2.2 kHz, sampling rate 5 kHz VLF: 1.8 kHz–20 kHz, sampling rate 51.2 kHz HF: 18 kHz–3.5 MHz, sampling rate 10 MHz. | |
The in situ ionospheric parameters | Plasma analyzer package (PAP) | Ion density, ion temperature, ion contents (H+, O+, He+) Ion drift velocity (Vx, Vy, Vz) |
Langmuir probe (LAP) | Electron density/temperature, the plasma/the satellite floating potential | |
The profile ionospheric parameters | GNSS Occultation Receiver (GOR) | TEC, Ne profile, the profile of air temperature and pressure, HmF2, NmF2 |
Tri-Band Beacon (TBB) | Three bands: 50/400/1066 MHz, Physical values: relative TEC, Ne Profile, ionospheric scintillation index, and ionosphere tomography | |
The energetic particles | Energetic particle detector (HEPP), including three detectors, HEPP-H, HEPP-L, and HEPP-X. | HEPP-L: Electron: 0.1–3 MeV, Proton: 2–20 MeV HEPP-H: Electron: 1.5–50 MeV, Proton: 2–20 MeV HEPP-X: Solar X-ray: 0.9–35 keV |
Italian Energetic particle detector (HEPD) | Proton flux: 30–100 MeV Electron flux: 30–200 MeV |
No. | Place | UTC | Latitude (°) | Longitude (°) | Magnitude (M) | Depth (km) | The Possible Seismo-Ionospheric Perturbation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Mexico | 16 February 2018 23:39:38 | 16.6 | −97.75 | 7.1 | 10 | The abnormal emissions at frequencies 155.5 Hz and 1.405 kHz. The electron density and ion (O+) density increased two days before the mainshock. |
2 | Papua New Guinea | 25 February 2018 17:44:42 | −6.19 | 142.77 | 7.5 | 20 | The magnetic field enhancement at the frequency of 155 Hz nearest the epicenter 7 and 3 days before the mainshock. The electron/ion disturbed 7, 6, 5, and 2 days before the mainshock. |
3 | Loyalty Islands Region | 29 August 2018 03:51:54 | −21.95 | 170.1 | 7.1 | 20 | The electron density increased; the PSD values of the electromagnetic field at the ELF frequency increased; the energetic particle flux within 0.1–3 MeV increased during the mainshock. |
4 | Indonesia | 28 September 2018 10:02:44 | −0.25 | 119.9 | 7.4 | 10 | The electron density significantly increased 12 and 2 days before the mainshock. |
5 | Papua New Guinea | 10 October 2018 20:48:18 | −5.70 | 151.25 | 7.1 | 20 | The abnormal emissions at ULF/ELF/VLF frequencies 9 and 4 days before the mainshock. The electron density and energetic particle flux disturbed 5 and 2 days before and on the mainshock day. |
6 | Kmadek islands, New Zealand | 15 June 2019 22:55:00 | −30.80 | −178.10 | 7.2 | 20 | The in situ and occultation electron density abnormally increased within one week before the mainshock. |
7 | Southern waters of Cuba | 28 Janarury 2020 19:10:22 | 19.46 | −78.79 | 7.7 | 10 | The electron density increased over the conjugate area on January 27 and the epicenter area on January 28. |
8 | Mexico | 23 June 2020 15:29:04 | 16.14 | −95.75 | 7.4 | 10 | The electron density became disturbed 3 days before the mainshock. |
9 | Sumatra island, Indonesia | 18 August 2020 22:29:21 | −4.31 | 101.15 | 7.0 | 10 | The electron density significantly increased 10 days before the mainshock. |
10 | Maduo County, Qinghai, China | 21 May 2021 18:04:11 | 34.59 | 98.34 | 7.4 | 17 | The electron density and the electromagnetic field in the ULF/ELF band observed a simultaneous increase 8 days before the mainshock. Energetic electrons at energy levels 0.1 to 3 MeV increased 7 days and 6 days before the mainshock. The electric field intensity in the VLF band increased one day before the mainshock. |
11 | Near Alaska Peninsula | 29 July 2021 06:15:46 | 55.40 | −158.00 | 8.1 | 10 | An abnormal ULF wave appeared 10 and 2 days before the mainshock. The infrared hyperspectral methane, OLR, aerosol, and other long-term observation data observed anomalies more than a month before the earthquake. |
12 | South water of Alaska | 14 August 2021 11:57:42 | 55.30 | −157.75 | 7.0 | 10 | The abnormal ULF emissions occurred 12 and 4 days before and on the mainshock day. |
13 | Haiti region | 14 August 2021 12:29:07 | 18.35 | −73.45 | 7.3 | 10 | The electromagnetic field intensity in the ULF/ELF band increased on 4 days, and one day before the mainshock. The energetic particle flux from 100 to 200 keV increased 4 and 3 days before the mainshock. |
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Zhima, Z.; Yan, R.; Lin, J.; Wang, Q.; Yang, Y.; Lv, F.; Huang, J.; Cui, J.; Liu, Q.; Zhao, S.; et al. The Possible Seismo-Ionospheric Perturbations Recorded by the China-Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite. Remote Sens. 2022, 14, 905. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14040905
Zhima Z, Yan R, Lin J, Wang Q, Yang Y, Lv F, Huang J, Cui J, Liu Q, Zhao S, et al. The Possible Seismo-Ionospheric Perturbations Recorded by the China-Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite. Remote Sensing. 2022; 14(4):905. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14040905
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhima, Zeren, Rui Yan, Jian Lin, Qiao Wang, Yanyan Yang, Fangxian Lv, Jianping Huang, Jing Cui, Qinqin Liu, Shufan Zhao, and et al. 2022. "The Possible Seismo-Ionospheric Perturbations Recorded by the China-Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite" Remote Sensing 14, no. 4: 905. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14040905