Identifying Algal Bloom ‘Hotspots’ in Marginal Productive Seas: A Review and Geospatial Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Background: Northern Indian Ocean (NIO)
3. Data and Methods
- Search strategy and data extraction
- Mapping the frequency of algal blooms
- Satellite data acquisition
- Samples Preparation for SEM images of species
4. Exuberant Growth of Algae
4.1. Nutrients
4.2. Sunlight
- (1)
- (2)
- By depositing iron, phytoplankton growth is increased, leading to the formation of Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) that, when degraded to dimethyl sulphide (DMS), can lead to acidic sulphate aerosols [69]. Aerosols can reduce the shortwave radiation arriving at the surface by 21 W m−2 and increase top-of-the-atmosphere-reflected radiation by 18 W m−2 during March–April [70];
- (3)
- Anthropogenic aerosols have caused a 20 W m−2 (10%) fall in solar radiation over the Arabian Sea during the period 1950 to 2000, due to the 3 km thick layer of pollution over the northern Indian Ocean (south India) [71,72]. This must certainly affect ocean productivity and the types of marine organisms that are found in the NIO. For example, during SWMs, solar radiation is prominent in the Red Sea (hotspots 9 and 10), Arabian Gulf (hotspot 7), and Sea of Oman (hotspot 6). However, during NEMs, solar radiation is prominent in the Arabian Sea (hotspot 5).
5. Transport of Algae and Nutrients
5.1. Upwelling
5.2. Convective Mixing
5.3. Advection
6. Hotspots of Algal Blooms in NIO
6.1. Southwest Monsoon
6.2. Northwest Monsoon
7. Biological Makeup of Algal Bloom Genera
8. Conclusions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
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Region | Location | SWM | NEM | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Months | Cause | Months | Cause | ||
Arabian Sea | 1 | August–November | Upwelling and advection | ||
4 | August–September October November | Upwelling and weak winds Upwelling Mixing | May | Northward advection of blooms | |
5 | June | Mixing (entrainment nutrients) | May November December | Advection of nutrients from Oman and solar radiation Mixing (entrainment nutrients) Mixing and advection of nutrients from Arabian coast | |
2 | October | Southward advection of nutrients | February–May | Highest solar radiation, southward advection of nutrients, and strong wind | |
3 | October–Dec | Upwelling and effects of the Indus river | February–May | Wind, northward advection, and effect of Indus river | |
Sea of Oman | 6 | Aug–October | Advection from Arabian Sea and upwelling | January–April | Upwelling, solar radiation, northward advection, and dust storms |
Arabian Gulf | 7 | October–November | Solar radiation, wind and dust storms, and warm air temperatures | January–May | Advection from Sea of Oman, dust storms, and warm air temperatures |
8 | June–August | Dust storms and organic nutrients | March–May | Low wind, stable water column, and discharge of Shatt Al-Arab | |
Red Sea | 9 | June–August | Northward advection of nutrients, upwelling, and solar radiation | February–Mar | Upwelling, wind, and dust storms |
10 | February–Mar | Upwelling, wind, and dust storms |
Anthropogenic Activities | Examples | Ref. |
---|---|---|
Industrial effluents |
| [50,51] |
| [52,53] | |
| [4,42,43,46,54,55,56,57] | |
Ship waste |
| [3,43,53,58] |
Reclamation and urban coastal projects |
| [46,48] |
Sunlight Effect | Influence | Ref. |
---|---|---|
Photosynthetic fixation |
| [59,60] |
Surface mixed-layer depth |
| [61] |
Temperature profile |
| [59,62] |
Upwelling Effect | Season | Region | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Decrease in mixed-layer depth | SWM |
| [25,30,75,82] |
NEM |
| [25,82] | |
Supply of nutrients (phosphate, nitrate, and silicate) to the mixed layer | SWM |
| [28,30,75,76,78,83] |
NEM |
| [28,54,84,85] | |
Cooling seawater | SWM |
| [28,76,85] |
NEM |
| [30] |
Flow Patterns | Season | Region | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Mesoscale eddies | SWM | ||
NEM |
| [27,28,89,96] | |
Cyclonic and anti-cyclonic large eddies | SWM |
| [25,28,58,74] |
NEM | |||
Local cyclonic eddies | SWM | ||
NEM |
| [90,92,94] | |
Water currents | SWM |
| [3,25,28,37,55,90,95] |
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Al-Shehhi, M.R.; Abdul Samad, Y. Identifying Algal Bloom ‘Hotspots’ in Marginal Productive Seas: A Review and Geospatial Analysis. Remote Sens. 2022, 14, 2457. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14102457
Al-Shehhi MR, Abdul Samad Y. Identifying Algal Bloom ‘Hotspots’ in Marginal Productive Seas: A Review and Geospatial Analysis. Remote Sensing. 2022; 14(10):2457. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14102457
Chicago/Turabian StyleAl-Shehhi, Maryam R., and Yarjan Abdul Samad. 2022. "Identifying Algal Bloom ‘Hotspots’ in Marginal Productive Seas: A Review and Geospatial Analysis" Remote Sensing 14, no. 10: 2457. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14102457