Detecting the Spatial Variability of Seagrass Meadows and Their Consequences on Associated Macrofauna Benthic Activity Using Novel Drone Technology
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. On-Site Survey and Classification Schema
2.4. Identification of Macrofauna Benthic Activity from Their Feeding Burrows
2.5. Vegetation Indices for Supervised Classification
2.6. Support Vector Machine Classification
2.7. Accuracy Assessment
2.8. Habitat Maps: Post Classification Detecting Seasonal Change
3. Results
3.1. VIS Classification
VIS+NIR Classification
3.2. Identification of Macrofauna Benthic Activity from Their Feeding Burrows
3.3. Habitat Maps: Post Classification Seasonal Change Detection
4. Discussion
4.1. The Performance of the Sensors and the SVM Classifier
VIS+NIR Classification Analysis
4.2. Identification of Macrofauna Benthic Activity Feeding Burrows
4.3. Habitat Maps: Post Classification Seasonal Change Detection
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Data | VIS Orthomosaic | VIS+NIR Orthomosaic | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Seasonal Time-Series | Summer | Autumn | Winter | Summer | Autumn | Winter | ||||||
Density Classes | U-acc | P-acc | U-acc | P-acc | U-acc | P-acc | U-acc | P-acc | U-acc | P-acc | U-acc | P-acc |
Absent | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 1 | 0.99 | 1 | 0.99 | 1 | 0.99 |
Low | 0.76 | 0.88 | 0.78 | 0.90 | 0.85 | 0.82 | 0.81 | 0.75 | 0.80 | 0.86 | 0.90 | 0.97 |
Medium | 0.82 | 0.66 | 0.63 | 0.69 | 0.72 | 0.41 | 0.66 | 0.88 | 0.86 | 0.79 | 0.89 | 0.85 |
High | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 0.93 | 0.95 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.96 | 0.94 |
Overall accuracy | 90% | 91% | 98% | 92% | 94% | 98% | ||||||
Kappa | 0.92 | 0.87 | 0.90 | 0.95 | 0.88 | 0.95 |
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Chand, S.; Bollard, B. Detecting the Spatial Variability of Seagrass Meadows and Their Consequences on Associated Macrofauna Benthic Activity Using Novel Drone Technology. Remote Sens. 2022, 14, 160. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14010160
Chand S, Bollard B. Detecting the Spatial Variability of Seagrass Meadows and Their Consequences on Associated Macrofauna Benthic Activity Using Novel Drone Technology. Remote Sensing. 2022; 14(1):160. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14010160
Chicago/Turabian StyleChand, Subhash, and Barbara Bollard. 2022. "Detecting the Spatial Variability of Seagrass Meadows and Their Consequences on Associated Macrofauna Benthic Activity Using Novel Drone Technology" Remote Sensing 14, no. 1: 160. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14010160