Comparing PlanetScope to Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 for Sensing Water Quality in Reservoirs in Agricultural Watersheds
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Description of the Study Area
2.2. Water Quality Data
2.3. Satellite Imagery
2.4. Band Combination and Band Selection
2.5. Best-Fit Model Selection and Validation
- The relationships should be significant on a 95% confidence interval (α ≤ 0.05);
- A strong relationship between the dependent variable and the predictors (R2 ≥ 0.5);
- Low standard deviation of the residuals (RMSE) relative to the range of values;
- Low correlation between the predictors (VIF < 10).
2.6. Case Study Application—Algal Bloom in Lake McMurtry, Oklahoma
3. Results
3.1. Range of Values of the Three Parameters
3.2. Best Fit Models
Validation of the Best Fit Models
3.3. Case Study Application—Algal Bloom in Lake McMurtry, Oklahoma
4. Discussion
4.1. PlanetScope Nanosatellites
4.2. PlanetScope Compared to Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | PS | Landsat-8 | Sentinel-2 |
---|---|---|---|
Revisit time (temporal resolution) | Daily | 16 days | 10 days with each satellite (Sentinel 2A and 2B). Five days with combined satellites. |
Spectral resolution | Four 3-m bands | Eight 30-m bands, two 100-m bands, one 15-m panchromatic band (11 bands) | Four 10-m bands, six 20-m bands, and three 60-m bands (13 bands) |
Pixel size (spatial resolution) | More pixels in small areas/reservoirs | Few or no pixels in small areas/reservoirs (e.g., with area 0.001 km2 or less) | Few pixels in small areas/reservoirs (e.g., with area 0.001 km2 or less) |
Bandwidth in nm (visible and NIR) | Blue: 465–517; Green: 547–595; Red: 650–682; NIR: 846–888 | Blue: 435–512; Green: 533–590; Red: 636–673; NIR: 851–879, Shortwave IR1 (SWIR1): 1570–1650; Shortwave IR2 (SWIR2): 2110–2290 | Blue: 458–523; Green: 543–578; Red: 650–680; Red-Edge (RE1): 698–713; Red-Edge (RE2): 733–748; Red-Edge (RE3): 773–793; NIR: 785–899; SWIR1: 1565–1655; SWIR2: 2100–2280 |
Availability of free imagery | 10,000 km2 per month for education purpose | Unlimited | Unlimited |
Reservoir | Surface Area (km2) | Trophic Status | Impairment Status | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chl-a | Turb | |||
Arcadia | 7.40 | Hypereutrophic | Impaired | Impaired |
Broken Bow | 57.50 | Mesotrophic | Not impaired | Not impaired |
Canton | 32.00 | Hypereutrophic | Insufficient data | Impaired |
Eucha | 11.60 | Eutrophic | Impaired | Not impaired |
Fort Gibson | 60.30 | Eutrophic | Insufficient data | Not impaired |
Foss | 35.61 | Mesotrophic | Insufficient data | Impaired |
Hefner | 10.11 | Hypereutrophic | Insufficient data | Not impaired |
Grand | 188.20 | Eutrophic | Insufficient data | Not impaired |
Kaw | 68.96 | Hypereutrophic | Insufficient data | Impaired |
McMurtry | 4.67 | Eutrophic | Insufficient data | Impaired |
Oologah | 119.22 | Mesotrophic | Insufficient data | Impaired |
Thunderbird | 24.60 | Hypereutrophic | Impaired | Impaired |
Waurika | 40.87 | Eutrophic | Impaired | Impaired |
Spectral Bands and Band Ratios | Wavelength Range, nm (λi–λn; i = 1) | Properties |
---|---|---|
Blue (B) | PS: λ465–λ517 Landsat-8: λ435–λ512 Sentinel-2: λ458–λ523 | This is the region of deepest light penetration in clear waters. However, most of Oklahoma lakes are turbid. The B band is susceptible to scattering in the atmosphere and water [45]. |
Green (G) | PS: λ547–λ595 Landsat-8: λ533–λ590 Sentinel-2: λ543–λ578 | The reflectance peak of different concentrations of Chl-a are at wavelengths in this region [46]. |
Red (R) | PS: λ650–λ682 Landsat-8: λ636–λ674 Sentinel-2: λ650–λ680 | The Chl-a absorption peak is at λ660 [15], which falls within the R band. Ferric-rich soils in Oklahoma [47] end up in reservoirs through surface runoff, making the R band a crucial spectral signature for Turb (reflectance), and also for Chl-a and SD detection when used as a ratio to other bands. |
Near-infrared (NIR) | PS: λ846–λ888; Landsat-8: λ851–λ879; Sentinel-2: λ785–λ899 | This band is absorbed in water [15]. Its high reflectance will indicate the presence of substances other than water. |
Red-Edge (RE) | RE1: λ698–λ713 RE2: λ733–λ748 RE3: λ773–λ793 | The RE band transitions between the R and NIR bands, and it uniquely correlates with Chl-a [32] |
Shortwave infrared (SWIR) | Landsat-8: SWIR1: λ1570–λ1650 SWIR2: λ2110–λ2290 Sentinel-2: SWIR1: λ1565–λ1655 SWIR2: λ2100–λ2280 | The longer wavelengths in the SWIR band give it the advantage of minimal scattering by mineral Turb in the water, making it suitable to detect algal pigments [31]. It is also useful to differentiate between algal pigments and those in aquatic macrophytes [48] |
Parameter | R2 | RMSE | Maximum VIF | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PS | L8 | S2 | PS | L8 | S2 | PS | L8 | S2 | |
Chl-a | 0.58 | 0.75 | 0.85 | 4.41 µg/L | 2.04 µg/L | 1.19 µg/L | 5.47 | 1.20 | 2.74 |
Turb | 0.79 | 0.60 | 0.78 | 1.61 NTU | 1.54 NTU | 1.60 NTU | 2.37 | 1.43 | 2.57 |
SD | 0.76 | 0.58 | 0.80 | 1.54 cm | 1.50 cm | 1.35 cm | 2.01 | 3.59 | 6.90 |
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Mansaray, A.S.; Dzialowski, A.R.; Martin, M.E.; Wagner, K.L.; Gholizadeh, H.; Stoodley, S.H. Comparing PlanetScope to Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 for Sensing Water Quality in Reservoirs in Agricultural Watersheds. Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 1847. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13091847
Mansaray AS, Dzialowski AR, Martin ME, Wagner KL, Gholizadeh H, Stoodley SH. Comparing PlanetScope to Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 for Sensing Water Quality in Reservoirs in Agricultural Watersheds. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13(9):1847. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13091847
Chicago/Turabian StyleMansaray, Abubakarr S., Andrew R. Dzialowski, Meghan E. Martin, Kevin L. Wagner, Hamed Gholizadeh, and Scott H. Stoodley. 2021. "Comparing PlanetScope to Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 for Sensing Water Quality in Reservoirs in Agricultural Watersheds" Remote Sensing 13, no. 9: 1847. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13091847